Implementation of Solar PV- Battery and Diesel Generator Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station

ABSTRACT:

 In this paper, a solar PV (Photovoltaic) array, a battery energy storage (BES), a diesel generator (DG) set and grid based EV charging station (CS) is utilized to provide the incessant charging in islanded, grid connected and DG set connected modes. The charging station is primarily designed to use the solar photovoltaic PV array and a BES to charge the electric vehicle (EV) battery. However, in case of exhausted storage battery and unavailable solar PV array generation, the charging station intelligently takes power from the grid or DG (Diesel Generator) set. However, the power from DG set is drawn in a manner that, it always operates at 80-85% loading to achieve maximum fuel efficiency under all loading conditions. Moreover, in coordination with the storage battery, the charging station regulates the generator voltage and frequency without a mechanical speed governor. It also ensures that the power drawn from the grid or the DG set is at unity power factor (UPF) even at nonlinear loading. Moreover, the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltage is synchronized to the grid/ generator voltage to obtain the ceaseless charging. The charging station also performs the vehicle to grid active/reactive power transfer, vehicle to home and vehicle to vehicle power transfer for increasing the operational efficiency of the charging station. The operation of the charging station is experimentally validated using the prototype developed in the laboratory.

KEYWORDS:

1.      EV Charging Station

2.      Solar PV Generation

3.      Power Quality

4.      DG Set

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

An implementation of PV array, storage battery, grid and DG set based charging station has been realized for EV charging. The presented results have verified the multimode operating capability (islanded operation, grid connected and DG set connected) of the CS using only one VSC. Test results have also verified the satisfactory operation of charging station under different steady state conditions and various dynamics conditions caused by the change in the solar irradiance level, change in the EV charging current and change in the loading. The operation of charging station as a standalone generator with good quality of the voltage, has been verified by the presented results. Whereas, test results in DG set or grid connected mode, have verified the capability of ANC based control algorithm to maintain the power exchange with the grid at UPF or the optimum loading of the DG set. Moreover, the islanded operation, grid connected and DG set connected operations along with the automatic mode switching have increased the probability of MPP operation of the PV array and optimum loading of DG set along with increasing the charging reliability. The IEEE compliance operation of the charging station with voltage and current THD always less than 5% verifies the effectiveness of the control. Form the above mentioned point, it can be concluded that this charging station with the presented control have the capability to utilize the various energy sources very efficiently and provides the constant and cost effective charging to the EVs.

REFERENCES:

[1] International Energy Agency-Global EV Outlook 2018- Towards cross-modal electrification. [Online] Available: https://webstore.iea.org /download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf

[2] International Energy Agency- Renewables 2O18 - Analysis and Forecasts to 2O23 [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/ download/summary/2312?fileName=English-Renewables-2018ES.pdf.

[3] J. Ugirumurera and Z. J. Haas, “Optimal Capacity Sizing for Completely Green Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Transportat. Electrificat.vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 565-577, Sept. 2017.

[4] G. R. Chandra Mouli, J. Schijffelen, M. van den Heuvel, M. Kardolus and P. Bauer, “A 10 kW Solar-Powered Bidirectional EV Charger Compatible With Chademo and COMBO,” IEEE Trans, Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 1082-1098, Feb. 2019.

[5] V. Monteiro, J. G. Pinto and J. L. Afonso, “Experimental Validation of a Three-Port Integrated Topology to Interface Electric Vehicles and Renewables With the Electrical Grid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 2364-2374, June 2018

 

Implementation of Recurrent Neurocontrol Algorithm for Two Stage Solar Energy Conversion System

ABSTRACT:

A grid interactive photovoltaic generation system is developed in this work. A boost converter forms the initial stage and is used to obtain the maximum power from the PV array. It is controlled using an incremental conductance (INC) based algorithm. The second stage is a voltage source converter (VSC), which interfaces the PV system to the grid. A recurrent neurocontrol based algorithm is used to generate the switching pulses for the VSC. The solar energy conversion system (SECS) has the capabilities of harmonics reduction, reactive power compensation, unity power factor operation and grid currents balancing. The proposed system is validated under various operating conditions using simulation as well as experimental results.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Recurrent neurocontroller

2.      Solar Energy

3.      Conversion System

4.      Power Quality

5.      Incremental Conductance Based MPPT

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

The recurrent neuro control based control algorithm has been successfully implemented for a two stage solar energy conversion system. The first stage involves extracting the maximum available power from the PV generation system using a boost converter operated by INC based control. The performance of the recurrent neurocontrol based control algorithm is validated under various operating conditions, using simulation as well as experimental results. The SECS has provided reactive power compensation and exhibited fast response under dynamic conditions of sudden load variation and sudden insolation variation, and maintains the grid current THD within IEEE 519 standard.

REFERENCES:

[1] S. Bhattacharjee: Solar Electricity Generation, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2015.

[2] H. Tyagi, A. K. Agarwal, P.R. Chakraborty and S. Powar: Applications of Solar Energy, Springer Singapore, 2018.

[3] S. Kumar and B. Singh, “Seamless transition of three phase microgrid with load compensation capabilities,” IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 1-9, 2017.

[4] C. C. Hua and Y. M. Chen, “Modified perturb and observe MPPT with zero oscillation in steady-state for PV systems under partial shaded conditions,” IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 5-9, 2017.

[5] Z. Xuesong, S. Daichun, M. Youjie and C. Deshu, “The simulation and design for MPPT of PV system Based on Incremental Conductance Method,” WASE International Conference on Information Engineering, Beidaihe, Hebei, pp. 314-317, 2010.

 

High Step-Up Quasi-Z Source DC-DC Converter

ABSTRACT:

In this paper, a high step-up Quasi-Z Source (QZS) DC-DC converter is proposed. This converter uses a hybrid switched-capacitors switched-inductor method in order to achieve high voltage gains. The proposed converter have resolved the voltage gain limitation of the basic QZS DC-DC converter while keeping its main advantages such as continuous input current and low voltage stress on capacitors. Compared to the basic converter, the duty cycle is not limited, and the voltage stress on the diodes and switch isn’t increased. In addition to these features, the proposed converter has a flexible structure, and extra stages could be added to it in order to achieve even higher voltage gains without increasing the voltage stress on devices or limiting the duty cycle. The operation principle of the converter and related relationships and waveforms are presented in the paper. Also, a comprehensive comparison between the proposed and other QZS based DC-DC converters is provided which confirms the superiority of the proposed converter. Simulations are done in PSCAD/EMTDC in order to investigate the MPPT capability of the converter. In addition, the valid performance and practicality of the converter are studied through the results obtained from the laboratory built prototype.

KEYWORDS:

1.      DC-DC converter

2.      High step-up

3.      Impedance network

4.      Quasi-Z source

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

An improved QZS based DC-DC converter with high step up capability was proposed. In addition to the QZS network, the proposed converter has used a combined method of switching-capacitors and switching-inductor. It could resolve the voltage gain limitation of the basic converter while keeping its main advantages such as continuous input current and low voltage stress on capacitors. The maximum duty cycle and voltage stress on the switch and diodes are remained unchanged. Therefore, they will not affect the voltage gain of the converter in practice. Extra stages can also be added to the converter to achieve even higher voltage gains. It was seen after increasing the stages.

Circuit operation principles, analysis, and necessary relationships were presented. A comparison between the proposed and other QZS based converters was also provided. Considering the results, the superiority of the proposed converter to other structures was confirmed. The simulations were done in PSCAD/EMTDC using a photovoltaic panel input. The results have confirmed the MPPT capability of the converter.

A 150W prototype of the proposed converter was also synthesized in the laboratory. The experimental results have confirmed the theoretical analysis, and, the practicality of the converter and its proper efficiency have been assured. Considering the approved advantages of the converter such as continuous input current, high voltage gain, low voltage stress on elements, and MPPT capability, it could be a suitable choice in a variety of industrial applications such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, PMSG based wind turbines, and, power systems based on battery banks and super capacitors. Also, in applications such as uninterruptable power supply (UPS), and LED lamps, low and varying voltage of the battery and fuel cell should be converted to the standard DC bus voltage (380-400V), which the proposed converter can be a suitable choice for them. The point which also should be mentioned is that, considering the non-isolated structure of the proposed converter, in applications which an isolation between the input and output side is required, an isolating transformer could be used in series with the converter.

REFERENCES:

[1] H. M. Maheri, E. Babaei, M. Sabahi, and S. H. Hosseini, “High step-up DC-DC converter with minimum output voltage ripple,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 3568-3575, May. 2017.

[2] D. Sha, Y. Xu, J. Zhang, Y. Yan, “A current-fed hybrid dual active bridge DC-DC converter for fuel cell power conditioning system with reduced input current ripple,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., in press.

[3] B. Novakovic, A. Nasiri, “Modular multilevel converter for wind energy storage applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., in press.

[4] Y. P. Siwakoti, F. Blaabjerg, P. C. Loh, “High step-up trans-inverse (TX-1) DC-DC converter for distributed generation system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 4278-4291, July. 2016.

[5] Y. Hu, R. Zheng, W. Cao, J. Zhang, S. J. Finney, “Design of a modular, high step-up ratio DC-DC converter for HVDC applications integrating offshore wind power,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 2190-2202, April, 2016.

Grid Interactive Solar PV Based Water Pumping Using BLDC Motor Drive

ABSTRACT:

This paper proposes a bidirectional power flow control of a grid interactive solar photovoltaic (PV) fed water pumping system. A brushless DC (BLDC) motor-drive without phase current sensors, is used to run a water pump. This system enables a consumer to operate the water pump at its full capacity for 24-hours regardless of the climatic condition and to feed a single phase utility grid when the water pumping is not required. The full utilization of a PV array and motor-pump is made possible in addition to an enhanced reliability of the pumping system. A single phase voltage source converter (VSC) with a unit vector template (UVT) generation technique accomplishes a bidirectional power flow control between the grid and the DC bus of voltage source inverter (VSI), which feeds a BLDC motor. The VSI is operated at fundamental frequency, which minimizes the switching loss. The maximum power point (MPP) operation of a PV array, and power quality improvements such as power factor correction and reduction of total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid are achieved in this system. Its applicability and reliability are demonstrated by various simulated results using MATLAB/Simulink platform and hardware implementation.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Power flow control

2.      Solar photovoltaic

3.      Brushless DC motor

4.      Voltage source converter

5.      Unit vector template

6.      Voltage source inverter

7.      Maximum power point

8.      Power quality

9.      Power factor

10.  Total harmonic distortion

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

A single phase grid interactive PV array based water pumping system using a BLDC motor drive has been proposed and demonstrated. A bi-directional power flow control of VSC has enabled a full utilization of resources and water pumping with maximum capacity regardless of the climatic conditions. A simple UVT generation technique has been applied to control the power flow as desired. All the power quality aspects have been met as per the IEEE-519 standard. The speed control of BLDC motor-pump has been achieved without any current sensing elements. A fundamental frequency switching of VSI has contributed to enhance the efficiency of overall system by reducing the switching losses. The proposed solution has emerged as a reliable water pumping system, and as a source of earning by sale of electricity to the utility when water pumping is not required.

REFERENCES:

[1] M. T. A. Khan, G. Norris, R. Chattopadhyay, I. Husain and S. Bhattacharya, “Autoinspection and Permitting With a PV Utility Interface (PUI) for Residential Plug-and-Play Solar Photovoltaic Unit,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 1337-1346, March-April 2017.

[2] M. Montorfano, D. Sbarbaro and L. Morán, “Economic and Technical Evaluation of Solar-Assisted Water Pump Stations for Mining Applications: A Case of Study,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 4454-4459, Sept.-Oct. 2016.

[3] Billel Talbi, Fateh Krim, Toufik Rekioua, Saad Mekhilef, Abdelbaset Laib and Abdesslam Belaout, “A high-performance control scheme for photovoltaic pumping system under sudden irradiance and load changes,” Solar Energy, vol. 159, pp. 353-368, 2018.

[4] Packiam Periasamy, N.K. Jain and I.P. Singh, “A review on development of photovoltaic water pumping system,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 43, pp. 918-925, March 2015.

[5] R. Kumar and B. Singh, “BLDC Motor Driven Solar PV Array Fed Water Pumping System Employing Zeta Converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 2315-2322, May-June 2016.

 

Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Energy Management (FLCBEM) for a Renewable Hybrid System

ABSTRACT:

In recent days, the use of renewable energy like wind and solar energy is necessary to meet the load demand. It is useful for power generation due to their unlimited existence and environmental friendly nature. This paper deals with the energy management of wind and solar hybrid generation system. Photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbine, and battery storage are connected via a common current source interface multiple-input DC-DC converter. The Fuzzy logic controller ensures the power management between intermittent renewable energy generation, energy storage, and grid. In order to obtain the maximum power, variable speed control is employed for the wind turbines, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is applied for the photovoltaic system. The grid interface inverter directs the energy drawn from the wind turbine and PV array into the grid by maintaining common dc voltage constant. Simulation analysis of the entire control scheme is carried out using MATLAB Simulink. The simulation results show the control performance and dynamic behavior of the fuzzy controlled photovoltaic/ wind hybrid system.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Renewable energy

2.      Solar energy

3.      Wind energy

4.      Hybrid system

5.      Energy management

6.      Fuzzy logic controller

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller based solar/ wind hybrid system is proposed for energy management. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm is obtained from the proposed hybrid system. DC link voltage is maintained and regulated using the Luo converter. The Luo converter has the potentiality to remove the high-frequency current harmonics in the wind generator. It improves the voltage gain and power density. Using the Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in the hybrid system reduces the harmonics and the dissipation of power is low. Thus, the performance of the hybrid system increases system reliability, power availability, quality, and operational efficiency. Simulation results obtained from Matlab/Simulink shows that this proposed hybrid system becomes a viable way to produce uninterrupted electrical energy, especially in rural areas.

REFERENCES:

[1] Adel Merabet, Khandker Tawfique Ahmed, Hussein Ibrahim, Rachid Beguenane, and Amer Ghias, “Energy Management and Control System for Laboratory Scale Microgrid based Wind-PV-Battery”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 145-154, Jan 2017.

[2] Janviere Umuhoza, Yuzhi Zhang, Shuang Zhao and H.Alan Mantooth, “An Adaptive Control Strategy for Power Balance and the Intermittency Mitigation in Battery-PV Energy System at Residential DC Microgrid Level”, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, pp. 1341-1345, Mar 2017.

[3] Junzhi Yu, Chunxia Dou and Xinbin Li, “MAS-Based Energy Management Strategies for a Hybrid Energy Generation System”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 3756- 3764, Jun 2016.

[4] Komeil Nosrati, Hamid Reza Mansouri and Hossein Saboori, “Fractional-order PID controller design of frequency deviation in a hybrid renewable energy generation and storage system”, IET Journals, CIRED, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1148-1152, Oct 2017.

[5] K. Kumar, N. Ramesh Babu, and K. R Prabhu, “Design and Analysis of RBFN-Based Single MPPT Controller for Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy system”, IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 15308-15317, Aug 2017.

 

Fuel Cell integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner for voltage and current reparation in four-wire distribution grid

ABSTRACT:

Electrical and electronic devices when exposed to one or more power quality problems are prone to failure. This paper aims to enhance the quality of power in three-phase four-wire distribution grid using Fuel Cell Integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner (FCI-UPQC). The proposed FCI-UPQC has four-leg converter on the shunt side and three-leg converter on the series side. A combination of a synchronous reference frame (SRF) and Instantaneous Reactive Power (IRP) theories are utilized to generate reference signals of the FCI-UPQC. Also, this paper proposes Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System controller to maintain DC link voltage in the FCI-UPQC. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System controller is designed like a sugeno fuzzy architecture and trained offline using data from the Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The obtained results proved that the proposed FCI-UPQC compensated power quality problems such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics, neutral current, source current imbalance in three-phase four-wire distribution grid. The presence of fuel cell in this work makes more effectiveness of the proposed system by providing real power support during supply interruption on the grid side.

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

In this paper, a novel utility of FCI-UPQC as a compensating and interconnecting device for a 3-phase 4- wire distribution grid is extensively simulated in Matlab/Simulink. It was observed that the proposed FCIUPQC efficiently compensates the problem of load current and supply voltage imperfections with quick response and high reliability at the same time. The proposed system has an enhanced performance under unbalanced, non-linear and sensitive linear load conditions. It is important to note that the proposed system still having challenge to mitigate source current harmonics during source side disturbances and the type-2 ANFIS controlled FCI-UPQC is the another scope for the future work.

REFERENCES:

[1] Naderi Y, Hosseini SH, Zadeh SG, Mohammadi-Ivatloo B, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM. An overview of power quality enhancement techniques applied to distributed generation in electrical distribution networks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018;93:201-14.

[2] Ghosh, Arindam, and Gerard Ledwich. Power quality enhancement using custom power devices. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.

[3] Sundarabalan C. K, Selvi K. Real coded GA optimized fuzzy logic controlled PEMFC based Dynamic Voltage Restorer for reparation of voltage disturbances in distribution system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2017; 42 (1) : 603-13.

[4] Khadkikar, Vinod. Enhancing electric power quality using UPQC: A comprehensive overview, IEEE transactions on Power Electronics 2012; 22 (7) : 2284-97.

[5] N.G. Jayanti, M. Basu, M.F. Conlon, K. Gaughan. Rating requirements of the unified power quality conditioner to integrate the fixed-speed induction generator-type wind generation to the grid IET Renewable Power generation 2009; 3 (2) : 133-143.

Flexibility Enhancement of Hybrid Microgrids Using Optimal H∞ Filtering-based Fuzzy Control of UIPC

ABSTRACT:

The current study focuses on flexibility enhancement of hybrid or ac/dc microgrids (HMGs), which uses an improved Unified Interphase Power Controller (UIPC). The UIPC is adopted as an effective tool for interconnecting the HMG. A novel control system is suggested for UIPC line power converter (LPC). The proposed control scheme is an optimal H∞ filtering-based fuzzy inference system which is able to effectively provide a flexible control for the LPCs during system different conditions, as shown by simulations.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Hybrid microgrid

2.       Flexibility

3.      H∞ filtering

4.      Fuzzy controller

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

The HMGs are the most prevalent configurations for smart microgrids. Conventionally, in an HMG, the ac and dc groups of microgrids have been interconnected by the parallel - connected BILPCs. This connection brings many problems into the control and operation of an HMG. The UIPC has been presented in this paper, as a new and effective solution for this problem, instead of using the parallel-connected BILPCs. Also, a new optimal H∞ filtering-based fuzzy control scheme has been proposed for the LPCs in the UIPC to increase the flexibility. The simulation results have confirmed the flexible power transferring performance of the HMGs during various conditions using UIPC.

REFERENCES:

[1] Xiong Liu, et al, "A Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid and Its Coordination Control", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Volume: 2, Issue: 2, pp. 278 - 286, 2011.

[2] S. A Taher, M. Zolfaghari, C. Cho, M. Abedi, M. Shahidehpour, "A New Approach for Soft Synchronization of Microgrid Using Robust Control Theory", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Volume: 32, Issue: 3, pp. 1370 – 1381, 2017. J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.

[3] Xiaonan Lu, et al., "Control of Parallel-Connected Bidirectional ACDC Converters in Stationary Frame for Microgrid Application", IEEE, Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2011.

[4] Xiaonan Lu, et al., "Hierarchical Control of Parallel AC-DC Converter Interfaces for Hybrid Microgrids", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Volume: 5, Issue: 2, pp. 683 – 692, 2014.

[5] F. Wang, et al., "Design and Analysis of Active Power Control Strategies for Distributed Generation Inverters under Unbalanced Grid faults", IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution Volume: 4, Issue: 8, pp. 905 - 916 2010.