Power Quality Improvement Using UPQC Integrated with Distributed Generation Network

ABSTRACT

The increasing demand of electric power is giving an emphasis on the need for the maximum utilization of renewable energy sources. On the other hand maintaining power quality to satisfaction of utility is an essential requirement. In this paper the design aspects of a Unified Power Quality Conditioner integrated with photovoltaic system in a distributed generation is presented. The proposed system consist of series inverter, shunt inverter are connected back to back on the dc side and share a common dc-link capacitor with Distributed Generation through a boost converter. The primary task of UPQC is to minimize grid voltage and load current disturbances along with reactive and harmonic power compensation. In addition to primary tasks of UPQC, other functionalities such as compensation of voltage interruption and active power transfer to the load and grid in both islanding and interconnected mode have been addressed. The simulation model is design in MATLAB/ Simulation environment and the results are in good agreement with the published work.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Distributed Generation(DG)

2.      Interconnected mode

3.      Islanding mode

4.      Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

5.      Power Quality (PQ)

6.      Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)

7.      Photovoltaic array (PV).

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. UPQC with DG connected to the DC link

 EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig. 2  Bus voltage, series compensating voltage, and load voltage

 Fig. 3 Simulation result for upstream fault on feeder: Bus voltage, compensating voltage, load voltage

Fig. 4 Simulation results for load change: nonlinear load current,Feeder current, load voltage, and dc-link capacitor voltage

CONCLUSION

The new configuration is named unified power-quality conditioner with Photo Voltaic System (UPQC-PV). Compared to a conventional UPQC, the proposed topology is capable of fully protecting critical and sensitive loads against distortions, sags/swell, and interruption in both islanding and interconnected modes. The performance of the UPQC-PV is evaluated under various disturbance conditions and it offers the following advantages:

1) To regulate the load voltage against sag/swell and disturbances in the system to protect the nonlinear/sensitive load.

2) To compensate for the reactive and harmonic components of nonlinear load current.

3) To compensate voltage interruption and active power transfer to the load and grid in islanding mode to protect sensitive critical load.

4) Depending upon the ratings, the combined system can reduce the cost up to one fifth of the separate system. Capacity enhancement has been achieved using multi-level or multi-module and central control mode, however, the flexibility of UPQC to increase its capacity in future and to cope up with the increase load demand in medium voltage distribution system.

 REFERENCES

[1]         J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galván, R. C.P. Guisado, M. Á. M. Prats, J. I. León, and N. M. Alfonso, “Power electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources: A survey,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1002–1016, Aug. 2006.

[2]         J. H. R. Enslin and P. J. M. Heskes, “Harmonic interaction betweena large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution network,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1586–1593,

[3]         D. D. Sabin and A. Sundaram, “Quality enhances reliability,” IEEE Spectr., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 34–41, Feb. 1996.

[4]         M. Rastogi, R. Naik, and N. Mohan, “A comparative evaluation of harmonic reduction techniques in three-phase utility interface of power electronic loads,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1149–1155, Sep./Oct. 1994.

[5]         A.Ghosh and G. Ledwich, “A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) for simultaneous voltage and current compensation,” Elect Power Syst. Res., pp. 55–63, 2001.

Single- and Two-Stage Inverter-Based Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants With Ride-Through Capability Under Grid Faults

Single- and Two-Stage Inverter-Based Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants With Ride-Through Capability Under Grid Faults

ABSTRACT

Grid-connected distributed generation sources interfaced with voltage source inverters (VSIs) need to be disconnected from the grid under: 1) excessive dc-link voltage; 2) excessive ac currents; and 3) loss of grid-voltage synchronization. In this paper, the control of single- and two-stage grid-connected VSIs in photovoltaic (PV) power plants is developed to address the issue of inverter disconnecting under various grid faults. Inverter control incorporates reactive power support in the case of voltage sags based on the grid codes’ (GCs) requirements to ride-through the faults and support the grid voltages. A case study of a 1-MW system simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software is used to illustrate the proposed control. Problems that may occur during grid faults along with associated remedies are discussed. The results presented illustrate the capability of the system to ride-through different types of grid faults.

KEYWORDS:

1.      DC–DC converter

2.      Fault-ride-through

3.      Photovoltaic (PV) systems

4.      Power system faults

5.      Reactive power support

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. Diagram of a single-stage GCPPP

Fig. 2. Diagram of the two-stage conversion-based GCPPP

  

 EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig. 3. Short-circuiting the PV panels: (a) grid voltages; (b) grid currents; and (c) dc-link voltage when applying a 60% SLG voltage sag at MV side of the transformer.

 Fig. 4. Short-circuiting the PV panels: (a) overall generated power;

(b) injected active power; and (c) reactive power to the grid.

Fig. 5. Turning the dc–dc converter switch ON: (a) grid voltages; (b) grid currents; and (c) dc-link voltage when applying a 60% SLG voltage sag at the MV side.

Fig. 6. Control of the dc–dc converter to produce less power under voltage sag: (a) grid voltages; (b) grid currents; (c) dc-link voltage; (d) input voltage of the dc–dc converter; (e) estimated duty cycle; and (f) actual duty cycle under a 3LG with 45% voltage sag at MV side.

Fig. 7. Control of the dc–dc converter to produce less power under voltage sag: (a) grid voltages under a 3LG with 45% voltage sag at MV side; (b) related grid currents for G = 300 W/m2; and (c) related dc-link voltage; (d) grid voltages under an SLG with 65% voltage sag at theMV side; (e) related grid currents for G = 1000 W/m2; (f) related dc-link voltage; (g) related grid currents under G = 300 W/m2; and (h) related dc-link voltage."

  

CONCLUSION

Performance requirements of GCPPPs under fault conditions for single- and two-stage grid-connected inverters have been addressed in this paper. Some modifications have been proposed for controllers to make the GCPPP ride-through compatible to any type of faults according to the GCs. These modifications include applying current limiters and controlling the dc-link voltage by different methods. It is concluded that for the single-stage configuration, the dc-link voltage is naturally limited and therefore, the GCPPP is self-protected, whereas in the two-stage configuration it is not. Three methods have been proposed for the two-stage configuration to make the GCPPP able to withstand any type of faults according to the GCs without being disconnected. The first two methods are based on not generating any power from the PV arrays during the voltage sags, whereas the third method changes the power point of the PV arrays to inject less power into the grid compared with the prefault condition. The validity of all the proposed methods to ride-through voltage sags has been demonstrated by multiple case studies performed by simulations.

REFERENCES

[1]            L. Trilla et al., “Modeling and validation of DFIG 3-MW wind turbine using field test data of balanced and unbalanced voltage sags,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 509–519, Oct. 2011.

[2]            M. Popat, B. Wu, and N. Zargari, “Fault ride-through capability of cascaded current-source converter-based offshore wind farm,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 314–323, Apr. 2013.

[3]            A. Marinopoulos et al., “Grid integration aspects of large solar PV installations: LVRT capability and reactive power/voltage support requirements,” in Proc. IEEE Trondheim Power Tech, Jun. 2011, pp. 1–8.

[4]            G. Islam, A. Al-Durra, S. M. Muyeen, and J. Tamura, “Low voltage ride through capability enhancement of grid connected large scale photovoltaic system,” in Proc. 37th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. (IECON), Nov. 2011, pp. 884–889.

Design and Performance Analysis of Three-Phase Solar PV Integrated UPQC

ABSTRACT:

This paper deals with the design and performance analysis of a three-phase single stage solar photovoltaic integrated unified power quality conditioner (PV-UPQC). The PV-UPQC consists of a shunt and series connected voltage compensators connected back to back with common DC-link.The shunt compensator performs the dual function of extracting power from PV array apart from compensating for load current harmonics. An improved synchronous reference frame control based on moving average filter is used for extraction of load active current component for improved performance of the PVUPQC. The series compensator compensates for the grid side power quality problems such as grid voltage sags/swells. The compensator injects voltage in-phase/out of phase with point of common coupling (PCC) voltage during sag and swell conditions respectively. The proposed system combines both the benefits of clean energy generation along with improving power quality. The steady state and dynamic performance of the system are evaluated by simulating in Matlab-Simulink under a nonlinear load. The system performance is then verified using a scaled down laboratory prototype under a number of disturbances such as load unbalancing, PCC voltage sags/swells and irradiation variation.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Power Quality

2.      Shunt compensator

3.       Series compensator

4.      UPQC

5.      Solar PV

6.      MPPT

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. System Configuration PV-UPQC

EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig. 2. Performance of PV-UPQC under Voltage Sag and Swell Conditions

Fig. 3. Performance PV-UPQC during Load Unbalance Condition

Fig. 4. Performance PV-UPQC at Varying Irradiation Condition

Fig. 5. Load Current Harmonic Spectrum and THD

Fig. 6. Grid Current Harmonic Spectrum and THD

CONCLUSION:

The design and dynamic performance of three-phase PVUPQC have been analyzed under conditions of variable irradiation and grid voltage sags/swells. The performance of the system has been validated through experimentation on scaled down laboratory prototype. It is observed that PVUPQC mitigates the harmonics caused by nonlinear load and maintains the THD of grid current under limits of IEEE-519 standard. The system is found to be stable under variation of irradiation, voltage sags/swell and load unbalance. The performance of d-q control particularly in load unbalanced condition has been improved through the use of moving average filter. It can be seen that PV-UPQC is a good solution for modern distribution system by integrating distributed generation with power quality improvement.

REFERENCES:

[1] B. Mountain and P. Szuster, “Solar, solar everywhere: Opportunities and challenges for australia’s rooftop pv systems,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 53–60, July 2015.

[2] A. R. Malekpour, A. Pahwa, A. Malekpour, and B. Natarajan, “Hierarchical architecture for integration of rooftop pv in smart distribution systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.

[3] Y. Yang, P. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, and H. Wang, “Wide-scale adoption of photovoltaic energy: Grid code modifications are explored in the distribution grid,” IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 21–31, Sept 2015.

[4] M. J. E. Alam, K. M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto, “An approach for online assessment of rooftop solar pv impacts on low-voltage distribution networks,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.663–672, April 2014.

[5] J. Jayachandran and R. M. Sachithanandam, “Neural network-based control algorithm for DSTATCOM under nonideal source voltage and varying load conditions,” Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 307–317, Fall 2015.

Design and Performance Analysis of Three-Phase Solar PV Integrated UPQC

ABSTRACT:

In this paper, the design and performance of a three phase solar PV (photovoltaic) integrated UPQC (PV-UPQC) are presented. The proposed system combines both the benefits of distributed generation and active power filtering. The shunt compensator of the PV-UPQC compensates for the load current harmonics and reactive power. The shunt compensator is also extracting maximum power from solar PV array by operating it at its maximum power point (MPP). The series compensator compensates for the grid side power quality problems such as grid voltage sags/swells by injecting appropriate voltage in phase with the grid voltage. The dynamic performance of the proposed system is simulated in Matlab-Simulink under a nonlinear load consisting of a bridge rectifier with voltage-fed load.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Power Quality

2.      DSTATCOM

3.      DVR

4.      UPQC

5.      Solar PV

6.      MPPT

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. System Configuration PV-UPQC

 EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig. 2. Performance PV-UPQC at steady state condition

Fig. 3. PCC Voltage Harmonic Spectrum and THD

Fig. 4. Load Voltage Harmonic Spectrum and THD

Fig. 5. Load Current Harmonic Spectrum and THD

Fig. 6. Grid Current Harmonic Spectrum and THD

Fig. 7. Performance PV-UPQC at varying irradiation condition

Fig. 8. Performance of PV-UPQC under voltage sag and swell conditions

CONCLUSION:

The dynamic performance of three-phase PV-UPQC has been analyzed under conditions of variable irradiation and grid voltage sags/swells. It is observed that PV-UPQC mitigates the harmonics caused by nonlinear and maintains the THD of grid voltage, load voltage and grid current under limits of IEEE-519 standard. The system is found to be stable under variation of irradiation from 1000𝑊/𝑚2 to 600𝑊/𝑚2. It can be seen that PV-UPQC is a good solution for modern distribution system by integrating distributed generation with power quality improvement.

REFERENCES:

[1] Y. Yang, P. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, and H. Wang, “Wide-scale adoption of photovoltaic energy: Grid code modifications are explored in the distribution grid,” IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 21–31, Sept 2015.

[2] B. Singh, A. Chandra and K. A. Haddad, Power Quality: Problems and Mitigation Techniques. London: Wiley, 2015.

[3] M. Bollen and I. Guo, Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbances. Hoboken: Johm Wiley, 2006.

[4] P. Jayaprakash, B. Singh, D. Kothari, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad, “Control of reduced-rating dynamic voltage restorer with a battery energy storage system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1295– 1303, March 2014.

[5] M. Badoni, A. Singh, and B. Singh, “Variable forgetting factor recursive least square control algorithm for DSTATCOM,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2353–2361, Oct 2015.

Neuro Fuzzy based controller for Power Quality Improvement

Neuro Fuzzy based controller for Power Quality Improvement

ABSTRACT:

Use of power electronic converters with nonlinear loads leads to power quality problems by producing harmonic currents and drawing reactive power. A shunt active power filter provides an elegant solution for reactive power compensation as well as harmonic mitigation leading to improvement in power quality. However, the shunt active power filter with PI type of controller is suitable only for a given load. If the load is varied, the proportional and integral gains are required to be fine tuned for each load setting. The present study deals with hybrid artificial intelligence controller, i.e. neuro fuzzy controller for shunt active power filter. The performance of neuro fuzzy controller over PI controller is examined and tabulated. The salvation of the problem is extensively verified with various loads and plotted the worst case out of them for the sustainability of the neuro fuzzy controller.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Active Power Filter

2.      Neuro Fuzzy Controller

3.      Back Propagation Algorithm

4.      Soft Computing

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 1. Schematic Diagram of Shunt Active Power Filter

 EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig 2. (a) Waveform of Load Current, Compensating Current, Source

Current and Source Voltage for Case V of Table1 (1kVA with α=60o) and

(b) Waveform of Source Voltage and in phase Source Current of Fig. (a) Reproduced

CONCLUSION:

The application of hybrid artificial intelligence technique on shunt active power filter is proved to be an eminent solution for the mitigation of harmonics and the compensation of reactive power. The hybrid artificial intelligence used here is the neuro fuzzy controller. It takes the linguistic inputs as a fuzzy logic controller and it adapts any situation in between the running of the program as the neural network. The simulation results states that the active power filter controller with neuro fuzzy controllers have been seen to eminently minimize harmonics in the source current when the load demands non sinusoidal current, irrespective of whether the load is fixed or variable when compared to PI Controller. Simultaneously, the power factor at source also becomes the unity, if the load demands reactive power. The neuro fuzzy controller is far superior to the PI controller for all the loads. In the present work, a range of values of the load is considered to robustly test the controllers. It has been demonstrated that neuro fuzzy controller offers more acceptable results over the PI controller. The neuro fuzzy controller, therefore, significantly improves the performance of a shunt active power filter.

 REFERENCES:

[1]   Laszlo Gyugyi, “Reactive Power Generation and Control by Thyristor Circuits”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. IA-15, no. 5, September/October 1979.

[2]   H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae, “Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching devices without energy storage components,” IEEE Transaction Industrial Applications, vol. IA-20, pp. 625-630, May/June 1984.

[3]   F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “A study of active power filters using quad series voltage source pwm converters for harmonic compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9–15, January 1990.

[4]   Conor A. Quinn, Ned Mohan, “Active Filtering of Harmonic Currents in Three-phase, Four-Wire Systems with Three-phase and Single-phase Non-Linear Loads”, IEEE-1992.

[5]   L. A. Morgan, J. W. Dixon, and R. R. Wallace, “A three-phase active power filter operating with fixed switching frequency for reactive power and current harmonic compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 402–408, August 1995.