Intelligent Energy Control Center for Distributed Generators Using Multi-Agent System

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents the modeling of intelligent energy control center (ECC) controlling distributed generators (DGs) using multi-agent system. Multi-agent system has been proposed to provide intelligent energy control and management in grids because of their benefits of extensibility, autonomy, reduced maintenance, etc. The multi-agent system constituting the smart grid and agents such as user agent, control agent, database agent, distributed energy resources (DER) agent work in collaboration to perform assigned tasks. The wind power generator connected with local load, the solar power connected with local load and the ECC controlled by fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The DER model is created in client and ECC is created in server. Communication between the server and the client is established using transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). The results indicate that the controlling of DER agent can be achieved both from server and client.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Distributed energy resources (DER) and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

2.      Distributed generators (DGs)

3.      Energy control center (ECC)

4.      Fuzzy logic controller (FLC)

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. Block diagram of power system interconnected with wind and solar

power generation scheme.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Fig. 2. Voltage waveform of wind and solar power – circuit breaker (CB-1) closed after 0.1 s and circuit breaker (CB-2) closed after 0.3 s to interconnect solar power to wind.

Fig. 3. Voltage waveform of wind and solar power circuit breaker (CB-1) closed after 0.1 s and circuit breaker (CB-2) closed after 0.3 s to interconnect  solar power to wind observed up to 0.6 s.

CONCLUSION:

The simulation model of ECC, controlling the solar power generation and wind power generation interconnected with grid using multi-agent system is described in this paper. The voltage of wind and solar power are stored in a excel sheet as a database agent. Intelligent controller FLC controls the switch provided in the solar panel to add/remove depending upon the voltage requirements. This excel sheet acting as a monitoring tool to access the simulation results, provides the visualization of the grid. The results prove that the multi-agent component controls the Distributed Energy Resources.

REFERENCES:

[1] T. Nagata and H. Sasaki, “A multi-agent approach to power system restoration,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 457–462, May 2002.

[2] T. A. Dimeas and N. D. Hatziargyriou, “Operation of a multi-agent system for microgrid control,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 3,  pp. 1447–1455, Aug. 2005.

[3] S. G. Ankaliki, “Energy control center functions for power system,” Int. J. Math. Sci., Technol., Humanities, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 205–212, 2012.

[4] R. L. Krutz, Securing SCADA Systems. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2006.

[5] O. Castillo and P. melin, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing Type2 Fuzzy Logic : Theory and Applications. NewYork,NY,USA: Springer-Verlag, 2008.

Simulation and Analysis of MPPT Algorithms for Solar PV based Charging Station

ABSTRACT:

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms is conferred in this paper used in photovoltaic (PV) systems for changing temperature and irradiance conditions. The MPPT control is always combined with a DC-DC power converter to produce maximal power under differing metrological conditions. The boost converter is used along with the Maximum Power Point Tracking control system. Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance algorithm (INC) are the two widely used algorithms for drawing maximal power from the photovoltaic source. Direct duty ratio control technique is used for both the algorithms. The system is modeled using MATLAB Simulink software. The simulation result of 50W PV module produced by the two algorithms are analysed and a comparative study is presented.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

2.      MATLAB SIMULINK

3.      Photovoltaic (PV)

4.      Perturb and Observe (P&O)

5.      Incremental conductance (INC)

6.      Duty ratio (D)

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig.1. Block diagram of MPPT control

 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Fig.2. Non-linear P-V and I-V curves for 1000 W/m2 at 25ᵒC

                                                         

                                                          Fig.3. I-V and P-V curves for different irradiance values at 25ᵒC

Fig.4. Waveforms at irradiance values from 400 W/m2 – 800 W/m2 for a

step time of 0.4 seconds at 25ᵒC

Fig.5. Waveforms at irradiance values from 800W/m2 – 1000 W/m2 for a

step time of 0.4 seconds at 25ᵒC

Fig.6.Waveforms at irradiance values from 400 W/m2- 800 W/m2 for a

step time of 0.4 seconds at 25ᵒC

Fig.7. Waveforms at irradiance values from 800 W/m2 -1000 W/m2 for a

step time of 0.4 seconds at 25ᵒC

CONCLUSION:

A mathematical model of a 50W photovoltaic (PV) panel modeled with MPPT control algorithms is discussed in this paper. The Perturb and Observe algorithm, and Incremental conductance algorithm are explained and simulated using the MATLAB Simulink. Here the MPPT control is achieved by direct duty ratio control of the boost converter which is linked to the load for its maximum efficiency under varying temperature and irradiance values of solar PV panel. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is simple to implement. It has slow response during changing atmospheric conditions due to fixed step size and has a tendency of drifting the operating point towards the wrong side. These issues are addressed by using Incremental conductance method (INC) which has a better performance over Perturb and Observe algorithm. It has a faster response and is more efficient in tracking when the irradiance values are changing continuously. The steady-state performance of the photovoltaic control system are improved by using the MPPT algorithms.

REFERENCES:

[1] S.Mekhilef, "Performance of grid connected inverter with maximum power point tracker and power factor control, “International Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 1, pp. 49-62, 2008.

[2] Shridhar Sholapur, K. R. Mohan, T. R. Narsimhegowda,” Boost Converter Topology for PV System with Perturb And Observe MPPT Algorithm”,” IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul – Aug. 2014), PP 50-56.

[3] Pallavi Bharadwaj, Vinod John, “Direct Duty Ratio Controlled MPPT Algorithm for Boost Converter in Continuous and Discontinuous Modes of Operation” Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India.

[4] Hyeonah Park, Hyosung Kim,” PV cell modeling on single-diode equivalent circuit”.

[5] Bijit Kumar Dey, Imran Khan, Nirabhra Mandal, Ankur Bhattacharjee,” Mathematical Modelling and Characteristic analysis of Solar PV Cell”, Institute of Engineering & Management Kolkata, India.

Low Switching Frequency Based Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter Topology With Reduced Switch Count

ABSTRACT:

The inceptions of multilevel inverters (MLI) have caught the attention of researchers for medium and high power applications. However, there has always been a need for a topology with a lower number of device count for higher efficiency and reliability. A new single-phase MLI topology has been proposed in this paper to reduce the number of switches in the circuit and obtain higher voltage level at the output. The basic unit of the proposed topology produces 13 levels at the output with three dc voltage sources and eight switches. Three extentions of the basic unit have been proposed in this paper. A detailed analysis of the proposed topology has been carried out to show the superiority of the proposed converter with respect to the other existing MLI topologies. Power loss analysis has been done using PLECS software, resulting in a maximum efficiency of 98.5%. Nearest level control (NLC) pulse-width modulation technique has been used to produce gate pulses for the switches to achieve better output voltage waveform. The various simulation results have been performed in the PLECS software and a laboratory setup has been used to show the feasibility of the proposed MLI topology.

KEYWORDS:

1.      DC/AC converter

2.      Multilevel inverter

3.      Reduce switch count

4.      Nearest level control (NLC)

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1. Basic unit of the proposed topology.

 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Figure 2. Simulation results with (a) dynamic change of modulation

index (b) FFT of 13 level output voltage and current with ZD10C100mH

and (c) output voltage and current waveforms with change of load from

ZD50 to ZD50C100mH.

CONCLUSION:

The paper presents a novel MLI topology with multiple extension capabilities. The basic unit of the proposed topology produces 13 levels using eight unidirectional switches and three dc voltage sources. Three different extension of the basic unit has been proposed. The performance analysis of the basic unit of the proposed topology has been done and the comparative results with some recently proposed topologies in literature have been presented in the paper. Further, a power loss analysis of the dynamic losses (switching and conduction) in the MLI has also been presented, which gives the maximum efficiency of the basic unit as 98.5%. The power loss distribution in all the switches for different combination of loads have also been demonstrated in the paper. The performance of the proposed topology has been simulated with dynamic modulation indexes and different combination of loads using PLECS software. A prototype of the basic unit has been developed in the laboratory and the simulation results have been validated using the different experimental results considering different modulation indexes.

REFERENCES:

[1] S. Kouro, M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou, L. G. Franquelo, B.Wu, J. Rodriguez, M. A. Perez, and J. I. Leon, ``Recent advances and industrial applications of multilevel converters,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2553_2580, Aug. 2010.

[2] H. Aburub, J. Holtz, and J. Rodriguez, ``Medium-voltage multilevel converters-state of the art, challenges, and requirements in industrial applications,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2581_2596, Dec. 2010.

[3] H. Akagi, ``Multilevel converters: Fundamental circuits and systems,'' Proc. IEEE, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 2048_2065, Nov. 2017.

[4] J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, and L. G. Franquelo, ``Multilevel converters: Control and modulation techniques for their operation and industrial applications,'' Proc. IEEE, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 2066_2081, Nov. 2017.

[5] J. Venkataramanaiah, Y. Suresh, and A. K. Panda, ``A review on symmetric, asymmetric, hybrid and single DC sources based multilevel inverter topologies,'' Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 76, pp. 788_812, Sep. 2017.

A Novel Multilevel DC/AC Inverter Based on Three-Level Half Bridge With Voltage Vector Selecting Algorithm

ABSTRACT:

A novel multilevel inverter based on a three-level half bridge is proposed for the DC/AC applications. For each power cell, only one DC power source is needed and five-level output AC voltage is realized. The inverter consists of two parts, the three-level half bridge, and the voltage vector selector, and each part consists of the four MOSFETs. Both positive and negative voltage levels are generated at the output, thus, no extra H-bridges are needed. The switches of the three-level half bridge are connected in series, and the output voltages are (Vo, Vo/2, and 0). The voltage vector selector is used to output minus voltages (􀀀Vo and 􀀀Vo/2) by different conducting states. With complementary working models, the voltages of the two input capacitors are balanced. Besides, the power cell is able to be cascaded for more voltage levels and for higher power purpose. The control algorithm and two output strategies adopted in the proposed inverter are introduced, and the effectiveness is verified by simulation and experimental results.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Bridge circuits

2.      DC-AC power converters

3.      Modular multilevel converters

4.      Pulse width modulation converters

5.      Voltage control

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1. The proposed hybrid ZVS bidirectional DC/AC inverter topology.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Figure 2. Waveforms with LFF strategy.

Figure 3. Waveforms with HFSPWM strategy.

Figure 4. Voltages of input capacitors C1 and C2.

Figure 5. Output waveforms of 2-level cascaded topologies.

CONCLUSION:

A novel multilevel inverter based on a three-level half bridge is proposed for DC/AC applications in this paper. For each power cell, only one DC power source is needed and 5-level output AC voltage is realized. Both positive and negative voltage levels are generated at the output, thus no extra H bridges are needed. The non-isolated topology (transformerless) eliminates magnetic losses. The operating principle and the working stages of the proposed inverter are introduced, while the two output strategies are discussed in detail. Besides, voltage balance strategy is adopted to balance the bus capacitor voltages, and stage optimization method is applied to further reduce the switching losses. Finally, a simulation is carried out to verify the two output strategies, voltage balance strategy and the cascaded ability, and a laboratorial experiment is carried out to test the THD losses and the total efficiency.

REFERENCES:

[1] A. Jahid, M. K. H. Monju, M. E. Hossain, and M. F. Hossain, ``Renewable energy assisted cost aware sustainable off-grid base stations with energy cooperation,'' IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 60900_60920, Oct. 2018.

[2] S. Xie, W. Zhong, K. Xie, R. Yu, and Y. Zhang, ``Fair energy scheduling for vehicle-to-grid networks using adaptive dynamic programming,'' IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1697_1707, Aug. 2016.

[3] A. Garcia-Bediaga, I. Villar, A. Rujas, and L. Mir, ``DAB modulation schema with extended ZVS region for applications with wide input/output voltage,'' IET Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 13, pp. 2109_2116, Nov. 2018.

[4] G. Xu, D. Sha, Y. Xu, and X. Liao, ``Hybrid-bridge-based DAB converter with voltage match control for wide voltage conversion gain application,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 1378_1388, Feb. 2017.

[5] Y. Cho, W. Cha, J. Kwon, and B. Kwon, ``High-efficiency bidirectional DAB inverter using a novel hybrid modulation for stand-alone power generating system with low input voltage,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 4138_4147, Jun. 2015.

A Novel Seven-Level Active Neutral Point Clamped Converter with Reduced Active Switching Devices and DC-link Voltage

ABSTRACT:

 This paper presents a novel seven-level inverter topology for medium-voltage high-power applications. It consists of eight active switches and two inner flying-capacitor units forming a similar structure as in a conventional Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) inverter. This unique arrangement reduces the number of active and passive components. A simple modulation technique reduces cost and complexity in the control system design without compromising reactive power capability. In addition, compared to major conventional 7-level inverter topologies such as the Neutral Point Clamped (NPC), Flying Capacitor (FC), Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and Active NPC (ANPC) topologies, the new topology reduces the dc-link voltage requirement by 50%. This recued dc-link voltage makes the new topology appealing for various industrial applications. Experimental results from a 2.2 kVA prototype are presented to support the theoretical analysis presented in this paper. The prototype demonstrates a conversion efficiency of around 97.2% ± 1% for a wide load range.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Multilevel Inverter

2.      7-level inverter

3.      Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) inverter

4.      Flying Capacitor

5.      Voltage Source Converter

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1. Proposed seven-level three-phase inverter circuit

 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Fig. 2. Some key simulated waveforms of the proposed seven-level inverter: (a) input voltage, flying capacitors voltages, phase voltage (with and without filter), and (b) voltage stress on switches, (c) current stress on switches, and (d) harmonic spectrum of the output voltage.

Fig. 3. Operation of the inverter during: (a) lagging power factor of φ𝑝𝑓 = −450 (RL load of 60 Ω + 200 mH), and (b) leading power factor of φ𝑝𝑓 = +450 (RC load of 60 Ω + 50 μF).

Fig. 4. Dynamic performance of the converter under several changes in the active power (a step change in load from no load to full load (30 Ω ), b step change in load from full load (30 Ω) to half load (60 Ω), and c step change in load from half load (60 Ω) to full load (30 Ω)).

CONCLUSION:

In this paper, a novel eight-switch seven-level Active Neutral Point Clamped inverter is proposed. Modulation techniques are explored and operation under both active and reactive power factor conditions are systematically analyzed. A comparative analysis and a set of design guidelines are presented and followed by simulation and experimental verification. Compared to conventional seven-level inverter topologies, the ANPC inverter topology requires only eight power devices for a single-phase design and halves the dc-link voltage required to produce a given ac voltage output magnitude when compared to similar circuits. For applications such as for a grid-connected PV system, this may help eliminate additional power conversion stages (boost converters) and therefore increase the efficiency and reliability of the system. Further, this reduces the voltage stress on the dc-link capacitor, which reduces the cost and size of the system design. The inverter can operate at any power factor (leading or lagging) without requiring any changes to the modulation scheme. Compared with other seven-level configurations, the performance demonstrated by the new inverter is highly competitive, potentially making it an appropriate topology choice for a wide-range of power conversion applications, e.g. variable-speed drives, electric vehicles (V2G/G2V technologies), grid-connected renewable energy systems.

REFERENCES:

[1] M. Schweizer, T. Friedli, and J. W. Kolar, “Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Three-Phase Three-Level Inverter/Converter Topologies Against Two-Level Systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 5515-5527, Dec. 2012.

[2] H. Tian, Y. Li, Y. W. Li, “A Novel Seven-Level Hybrid-Clamped (HC) Topology for Medium Voltage Motor Drives,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 5543-5547, Jul. 2018.

[3] S. Kouro, M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou, L. G. Franquelo, B. Wu, J. Rodriguez, M. A. Perez, and J. I. Leon, “Recent Advances and Industrial Applications of Multilevel Converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2553-2580, Aug. 2010.

[4] J. Rodríguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, “Multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724-738, Aug. 2002.

[5] J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, and L. G. Franquelo, “Multilevel Converters: Control and Modulation Techniques for their Operation and Industrial Applications,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 2066-2081, Nov. 2017.