Electrical design of a photovoltaic-grid system for electric vehicles charging station

ABSTRACT:

This work presents a smart method for a photovoltaic grid system for electric vehicles charging station, however, it describes the flow power through a smooth algorithm using Matlab/Simulink environment. The consumption of electric vehicle battery is considered as a daily load for the charging station, indeed, it is highly recommended to predict the periodic power use in the charging station. However, the storage system is ensured through a lithium ion battery, which provides a wider operating temperature and others convenient characteristics. Additionally, the contribution of the electrical grid is also combined in this architecture as a back-up plan for mutual benefits when the photovoltaic power is unable to secure the station needs, on the one hand and on the other hand, when the battery of the charging station is fully charged and the photovoltaic system is able to inject an extra energy in the grid.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Photovoltaic-Grid System (PVGS)

2.      Electric vehicle (EV)

3.      Charging Station (CS)

4.      dc-dc Converters

5.      Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

6.      Perturb and Observe (P&O)

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION:

 This paper presents an intelligent process to feed a lithium ion battery in an EVCS architecture. In this regard, the effectiveness of charging the battery through numerous modes of operation has been validated by simulation results, indeed, it is interesting how fast the battery is charging under higher recharge rate. In fact, this work is inspired from a study case of a project with full specifications, for instance, the meteorological data for the PV panels design and the daily need of energy for the EVB to resize the rated capacity of the BSB. However, the contribution of the grid power remains primordial in the structure nonetheless there are some complexity issues related to the used power flow algorithms in the controller unit, and how it effects on the grid, positively and negatively both.

REFERENCES:

 

[1] I. Rahman, P. M. Vasant, B. S. M. Singh, M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud, and N. Adnan, “Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle charging infrastructures,” Renew. Sustain.Energy Rev., vol. 58, pp. 1039–1047, 2016.

[2] A. R. Bhatti, Z. Salam, M. J. B. A. Aziz, K. P. Yee, and R. H. Ashique, “Electric vehicles charging using photovoltaic: Status and technological review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 54, pp. 34–47, 2016.

[3] M. Van Der Kam and W. Van Sark, “Smart charging of electric vehicles with photovoltaic power and vehicle-to-grid technology in a microgrid ; a case study,” Appl. Energy, vol. 152, pp. 20–30, 2015.

[4] J. P. Torreglosa, P. García-Triviño, L. M. Fernández-Ramirez, and F. Jurado, “Decentralized energy management strategy based on predictive controllers for a medium voltage direct current photovoltaic electric vehicle charging station,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 108, pp. 1–13, 2016.

[5] P. Goli and W. Shireen, “PV powered smart charging station for PHEVs,” Renew. Energy, vol. 66, pp. 280–287, 2014.

Electric vehicles charging using photovoltaic: Status and technological review

ABSTRACT:

The integration of solar photovoltaic(PV) into the electric vehicle(EV) charging system has been on the rise due to several factors, namely continuous reduction in the price of PV modules, rapid growth in EV and concerns over the effects of green house gases. Despite the numerous review articles published on EV charging using the utility(grid) electrical supply, so far, none has given sufficient emphasis on the PV charger. With the growing interest in this subject, this review paper summarizes and update all the related aspects on PV–EV charging, which include the power converter topologies, charging mechanisms and control for both PV–grid and PV-standalone /hybrid systems. In addition, the future outlook and the challenges that face this technology are highlighted. It is envisaged that the information gathered in this paper will be a valuable one-stop source of information for researchers working in this topic.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Photovoltaic(PV)system

2.      Electric vehicle(EV)charging system

3.      State of charge(SOC)

4.      Maximum power point tracking(MPPT)

5.      MPPT dc–dc converter

6.       Bi-directional Inverter

7.       Bi-directional dc–dc charger

8.       Control algorithm

9.      EV charging algorithm

10.  Prediction models

11.  Optimization techniques

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

 This paper reviews the PV–grid and PV-standalone EV charging methods proposed in various papers .It is noted ,among the two structures, the PV–grid is more popular due to its flexibility and its interruption-less operation . Also in this paper, the main hardware components, i.e. the dc–dc converter with MPPT ,bi-directional inverter and bi-directional dc charger are evaluated. Due to the rapid development, it is not possible to cover all aspects related to the EV charging infra structure in a single work. Other topics—for example , the economic and environmental impacts of PV and grid powered EV charging are addressed elsewhere [9,86]. Further- more, issues such as the stability, reliability and PV–EV interactions require detailed analysis that may not be feasible for inclusion. For the energy management systems, researchers are highly relaying optimization algorithms and soft computing. However ,it seems that the heuristic rule based charging strategies is a good solution for quick and accurate energy management as already been adopted by [92]. But, there is still a need to devise more accurate techniques for better utilization of available PV energy.

REFERENCES:

 [1]Galus MD, Anders son G. Demand management of grid connected plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEV).In: Proceedings of IEEE energy 2030 con- ference,ENERGY;2008.p.1–8.

[2]Kelman C. Supporting increasing renewable energy penetration in Australia- the potential contribution of electric vehicles. In: Proceedings of 20th Australasi an universities power engineering conference (AUPEC);2010.p.1–6. [3] Barker PP, Bing JM. Advances in solar photovoltaic technology :an applications perspective .In :Proceedings of power engineering society general meeting, vol.2;2005.p.1955–60.

[4] KadarP, VargaA. PhotoVoltaic EV chargestation. In: Proceedings ofIEEE11th international symposium on applied machine intelligence and informatics (SAMI);2013.p.57–60.

[5] Branker K, Pathak MJM ,Pearce JM. Are view of solar photovoltaic levelized cost of electricity.  Renew Sustain Energy Rev2011;15:4470–82.

Electric Vehicle Charging System with PV Grid- Connected Configuration

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents an experimental control strategy of electric vehicle charging system composed of photovoltaic (PV) array, converters, power grid emulator and programmable DC electronic load that represents Li-ion battery emulator. The designed system can supply the battery at the same time as PV energy production. The applied control strategy aims to extract maximum power from PV array and manages the energy flow through the battery with respect to its state of charge and taking into account the constraints of the public grid. The experimental results, obtained with a dSPACE 1103 controller board, show that the system responds within certain limits and confirm the relevance of such system for electric vehicle charging.

 KEYWORDS:

1.      Renewable energy integration

2.      Photovoltaic

3.      Battery electric vehicles

4.      Public grid

5.      Control charging system

 SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION:

 Smart grid with renewable electricity integrated concerns both the utility companies as well as the end-users. In the next ten years, the smart grid could concern the residential level with house power “routers”, whose goal is to intelligently manage and supply every home appliance by minimizing and redirecting the overall consumption. The prime goal of utility companies could be the real time demand management in order to adjust their electricity generation, for end user it could be the real time control of energy use, like EV charging system.

            An experimental EV charging with PV grid-connected system control strategy was presented. The system control strategy aims to extract maximum power from PV array and manages the energy flow through the BEV, with respect to its SOC. The experimental results are obtained with a numerical modelling implemented under MATLAB-Simulink and a dSPACE 1103 controller board. In this work, a simple and quick to implement control was done. This control was not necessarily developed to improve global energy efficiency or life cycle of the BEV system. For this first approach, the goal was to verify the feasibility of the proposed system control. The results show that the system can supply a BEV at the same time as PV energy production and responds within certain limits of the PV power and public grid availability. Obtained test results indicate that the proposed control can successfully be used for buildings and car parking equipped with PV power plant.

            The further work is the modelling of the behaviour of EV charging with PV grid-connected system as an operating subsystem under the supervision device as a control-command subsystem. The chosen approach will take into account the uncertainties on PV power production, public grid availability and BEV request, in order to achieve more efficient power transfer with a minimized public grid impact.

 REFERENCES:

 [1] S. D. Jenkins, J. R. Rossmaier, and M. Ferdowsi, "Utilization and effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the United States power grid", in: Proc. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2008.

[2] EPRI, “Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles; Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Final Report, July 2007.

[3] V. Marano and G. Rizzoni, “Energy and Economic Evaluation of PHEVs and their Interaction with Renewable Energy Sources and the Power Grid”, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety, 2008.

[4] Y. Gurkaynak and A. Khaligh, “Control and Power Management of a Grid Connected Residential Photovoltaic System with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Load”, in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC 2009.

[5] X. Li, L. A. C. Lopes, and S. S. Williamson, “On the suitability of plugin hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging infrastructures based on wind and solar energy”, in: Proc. IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, PES 2009

Analysis and Design of a Standalone Electric Vehicle Charging Station Supplied by Photovoltaic Energy

ABSTRACT:

Nowadays, there is a great development in electric vehicle production and utilization. It has no pollution, high efficiency, low noise, and low maintenance. However, the charging stations, required to charge the electric vehicle batteries, impose high energy demand on the utility grid. One way to overcome the stress on the grid is the utilization of renewable energy sources such as

photovoltaic energy. The utilization of standalone charging stations represents good support to the utility grid. Nevertheless, the electrical design of these systems has different techniques and is sometimes complex. This paper introduces a new simple analysis and design of a standalone charging station powered by photovoltaic energy. Simple closed-form design equations are derived, for all the system components. Case-study design calculations are presented for the proposed charging station. Then, the system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink platform. Furthermore, an experimental setup is built to verify the system physically. The experimental and simulation results of the proposed system are matched with the design calculations. The results show that the charging process of the electric vehicle battery is precisely steady for all the PV insolation disturbances. In addition, the charging/discharging of the energy storage battery responds perfectly to store and compensate for PV energy variations.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Electric vehicle

2.      Charging station;

3.      Photovoltaic

4.      Maximum power point tracking

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION:

 An isolated EV charging station based on a PV energy source is proposed. The system consists of PV panel, boost converter, ESS batteries, two DC/DC charging converters, and an EV battery. The control system consists of three controllers named the MPPT, the EV charger, and the storage converter controller. PI voltage and current controllers are adapted to control charging/discharging of the ESS system and the EV charger as well. The system is simulated and implemented physically. A single-chip PIC18F4550 microcontroller is utilized to realize the system controllers. New simple energy and power analyses procedure has been introduced. Hence, closed-form equations have been derived to help in the design phase. Complete design of the system, including the ESS size, the PV rating, and the filter components, has been proposed. Simulation and experimental results are very close and verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. At different insolation levels, the results show that the charging process of the EV battery is steady without any disturbance. However, the charging/discharging of the ESS battery responds perfectly to store and compensate for PV energy variations. The current and voltage controllers of the converters give good responses and track their references well. In addition, the MPPT controller tracks the peak conditions of the PV precisely.

 REFERENCES:

1. Irle, R. Global EV Sales for the 1st Half of 2019. EV Volumes. 2019. Available online: http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/ total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/ (accessed on 20 November 2019).

2. Sun, X.; Li, Z.;Wang, X.; Li, C. Technology Development of Electric Vehicles: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 90. [CrossRef]

3. Luc, Vehicles & Charging Tips. Fastned. 2019. Available online: https://support.fastned.nl/hc/en-gb/sections/115000180588 -Cars-charging-tips- (accessed on 30 March 2019).

4. Richard, L.; Petit, M. Fast charging station with a battery storage system for EV: Optimal integration into the grid. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Portland, OR, USA, 5–10 August 2018; pp. 1–5.

5. Chakraborty, S.; Vu, H.-N.; Hasan, M.M.; Tran, D.-D.; Baghdadi, M.E.; Hegazy, O. DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging Stations: State of the Art and Future Trends. Energies 2019, 12, 1569. [CrossRef]

Generation of Higher Number of Voltage Levels by Stacking Inverters of Lower Multilevel Structures with Low Voltage Devices for Drives

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a new method of generating higher number of levels in the voltage waveform by stacking multilevel converters with lower voltage space vector structures. An important feature of this stacked structure is the use of low voltage devices while attaining higher number of levels. This will find extensive applications in electric vehicles since direct battery drive is possible. The voltages of all the capacitors in the structure can be controlled within a switching cycle using the switching state redundancies (pole voltage redundancies). This helps in reducing the capacitor size. Also, the capacitor voltages can be balanced irrespective of modulation index and load power factor. To verify the concept experimentally, a 9-level inverter is developed by stacking two 5-level inverters and an induction motor is run using V/f control scheme. Both steady state and transient results are presented.

KEYWORDS

1.      Induction motor drive

2.      PWM

3.      Multilevel inverter

4.      Topology

5.      CHB

6.      Flying capacitor

7.      Low voltage devices

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION

In this paper, a new method of generating higher number of voltage levels by stacking multilevel converters having lower space vector structures is presented. Here each of the stacked inverter is having only one DC supply. The proposed stacked multilevel inverter has a modular structure which is realized by stacking the FC and cascading it with series connected capacitor fed H-bridges. Since the voltage across the H-bridge switches are low, the switching loss can be further reduced. Also the H-bridges can be bypassed if it fails. Thus using this system has a improved reliable operation. Also when one of the FC fails, inverter can still be operated with reduced voltage and power levels. The concept of stacking can be generalized to obtain higher voltage levels. As the number of levels increases, blocking voltages of switches reduces and the proposed structure can be fed from low voltage battery cells. Also, higher number of voltage levels imply lower switching frequency and therefore higher efficiency, which makes it suitable for application in electric vehicles. Hysteresis based  capacitor voltage balancing algorithm is used to maintain the capacitor voltages irrespective of modulation index and load power factor. Detailed experimental results, using a stacked 9- level inverter, showing the steady state operation at different frequencies and the transient results, ensure that the proposed structure will be a viable scheme for high power applications with improved reliability.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, “A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-17, no. 5, pp. 518–523, Sept 1981.

[2] S. Kouro, M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou, L. Franquelo, B. Wu, J. Rodriguez, M. Perez, and J. Leon, “Recent advances and industrial applications of multilevel converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2553–2580, Aug 2010.

[3] J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, P. Steimer, and I. Lizama, “A survey on neutralpoint- clamped inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 2219–2230, July 2010.

[4] P. Barbosa, P. Steimer, J. Steinke, L. Meysenc, M. Winkelnkemper, and N. Celanovic, “Active neutral-point-clamped multilevel converters,” in Proc. 2005 IEEE Power Electron. Special. Conf., June 2005, pp. 2296– 2301.

[5] T. Bruckner, S. Bernet, and H. Guldner, “The active npc converter and its loss-balancing control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 855–868, June 2005.

A 15-Level Asymmetric Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Less Number of Switches For Photo Voltaic System

ABSTRACT

This Paper presents a 15 level Asymmetrical Cascaded H bridge multilevel inverter Topology for Photovoltaic system. In this system Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Multilevel inverter (MLI) is utilized. In Symmetrical MLI, the DC source magnitude are equal ie., 50Vdc, 50Vdc & 50Vdc., where as in Asymmetrical MLI the DC source Magnitude are unequal and it is designed with binary form of voltage such as 50Vdc, 100Vdc & 200Vdc.Comparing both the MLI , Asymmetrical MLI generates a number of output voltage level with same number of Power semiconductor switches. The phase Disposition Pulse Width Modulation (PD-PWM) technique is used for controlling the Power semiconductor switches in MLI. The results are verified in both MATLAB and PROTEUS.

 KEYWORDS

1.      Photo voltaic system(PV)

2.      Symmetrical MLI

3.      Asymmetrical MLI

4.       PD-PWM

5.      PIC16F877A

6.      IR112

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION

A symmetrical Cascaded H bridge Multil level inverter(SCHBMLI) and Asymmetrical Cascaded H bridge Multilevel Inverer(ASCHBMLI) has been analysed in this paper. Both the Inverter consist of the same power semiconductor switches but the output voltage levels are different. In SCHBMLI the ouput voltage is 9 level , while ASCHBMLI the ouput voltage levels are 15 level. The THD analysis for ACHBMLI using the switching technique of high switching frequency (2KHz) PD-PWM is 6.03% and the switching technique of low switching frequency(50Hz) is 10.26%. In this system the THD is very less by using PDPWM technique.This type of system is used for high power applications for photovoltaic system bec it reduce the overall cost and size of the system

REFERENCES

[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Javier pereda, and juan dixon, “cascaded multilevel converters: optimal asymmetries and floating capacitor control” ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 60, no. 11, november 2013.

[2] M. Mohamad fathi mohamad elias, nasrudin abd. Rahim, hew wooi ping, and mohammad nasir uddin, asymmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter based on transistor-clamped h-bridge power cell ieee transactions on industry applications, vol. 50, no. 6, november/december 2014.

[3] Eduardo e. Espinosa, jose r. Espinoza, pedro e. Melín, roberto o. Ramírez, felipe villarroel,javier a. Muñoz, member, and luis morán, fellow, ieeea new modulation method for a 13-level asymmetric inverter toward minimum thd ieee transactions on industry applications, vol. 50, no. 3, may/june 2014.

[4] Giampaolo buticchi, member, davide barater, emilio lorenzani, member, carlo concari and giovanni franceschini a nine-level grid-connected converter topology for single-phase transformerless pv systems ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 61, no. 8, august 2014.

[5] Javier pereda, student member, ieee, and juan dixon, senior member,high-frequency link: a solution for using only one dc source in asymmetric cascaded multilevel inverters ieee ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 58, no. 9, september 2011.

Overview and Comparison of Modulation and Control Strategies for Non-Resonant Single-Phase Dual-Active-Bridge dc-dc Converter

ABSTRACT:

 The non-resonant single-phase dual-active-bridge (NSDAB) dc-dc converter has been increasingly adopted for isolated dc-dc power conversion systems. Over the past few years, significant research has been carried out to address the technical challenges associated with modulations and controls of NSDAB dc-dc converter. The aim of this paper is to review and compare these recent state-of-the-art modulation and control strategies. Firstly, the modulation strategies for NSDAB dc-dc converter are analyzed. All possible phase-shift patterns are demonstrated, and the correlation analysis of the typical phases-shift modulation methods for NSDAB dc-dc converter is presented. Then, an overview of steady-state efficiency optimization strategies is discussed for NSDAB dc-dc converter. Moreover, a review of optimized techniques for dynamic responses is also provided. For both the efficiency and dynamic optimizations, thorough comparisons and recommendations are provided in this paper. Finally, to improve both steady state and transient performances, a combination approach to optimize both efficiency and dynamics for NSDAB dc-dc converter based on the reviewed methods is presented in this paper.

KEYWORDS:

1.      DAB converter

2.      Power Losses

3.      Current Stress

4.      Reactive Power

5.      Efficiency

6.      Power Control

7.      Current Feedback Control

8.      Observer-Based Control

9.      Dynamic Performances

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

NSDAB dc-dc converter has become one of the most attractive isolated dc-dc power conversion topologies for DC grid, solid-state transformer, automotive application, energy storage system and aerospace application. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of modulation methods, efficiency-optimization schemes and dynamic-optimization strategies of NSDAB dc-dc converter, and thorough comparisons of different optimization methods are conducted:

1). The typical modulation methods including the advanced phase-shift modulation and the variable frequency modulation methods are presented in this paper. Based on all possible eighteen phase-shift modulation patterns, the reason why SPS, DPS, EPS and TPS modulation schemes are selected for NSDAB dc-dc converter is analyzed. Moreover, the correlation analysis of typical phase-shift modulation methods including SPS, DSP, EPS and TPS modulation methods is illustrated, which can explain why the TPS modulation method can always provide the best efficiency for NSDAB dc-dc converter.

2). An overview of efficiency optimization schemes for NSDAB dc-dc converter including power-loss-model-based optimization methods, nonactive power optimization techniques, inductance current optimization strategies, ZVS range optimization schemes and burst mode are conducted. Under the consideration of both optimized performance and feasibility, the minimum-current-stress-optimized strategy with simple operation is recommended.

3). The paper also provides an overview of dynamic optimization strategies for NSDAB dc-dc converter including load-current feedforward schemes, direct-inductance-current control strategies and power-based control methods. When NSDAB dc-dc converter is connected to resistive load, the virtual-direct-power control scheme and the current sensorless control strategy are recommended because of excellent dynamic responses. When NSDAB dc-dc converter is connected to dc voltage bus, the asymmetric double-side modulation and the predictive current-mode control for fast transient response of required inductance current are recommended.

4). Finally, the paper presents an idea of hybrid efficiency-and dynamic-optimization concept to improve both steady state and transient performances of NSDAB dc-dc converter. A static and dynamic optimization strategy by combining minimum-current-stress strategy and power-control concept verifies the feasibility of the presented idea.

REFERENCES:

[1]R. W. De Doncker, D. M. Divan and M. H. Kheraluwala, "A three-phase soft-switched high power density DC/DC converter for high power applications,"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1988, pp. 796-805 vol.1.

[2]R. W. A. A. De Doncker, D. M. Divan and M. H. Kheraluwala, "A three-phase soft-switched high-power-density DC/DC converter for high-power applications," inIEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 63-73, Jan.-Feb. 1991.

[3]H. Akagi, S. Kinouchi and Y. Miyazaki, "Bidirectional isolated dual-active-bridge (DAB) DC-DC converters using 1.2-kV 400-A SiC-MOSFET dual modules," inCPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-40, Dec. 2016.

[4]B. Zhao, Q. Song, W. Liu and Y. Xiao, "Next-Generation Multi-Functional Modular Intelligent UPS Systemfor Smart Grid," inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3602-3618, Sept. 2013.

[5]H. Wen, W. Xiao and B. Su, "Nonactive Power Loss Minimization in a Bidirectional Isolated DC-DC Converter for Distributed Power Systems," inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 6822-6831, Dec. 2014.