Electric Vehicle Charging System with PV Grid- Connected Configuration

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents an experimental control strategy of electric vehicle charging system composed of photovoltaic (PV) array, converters, power grid emulator and programmable DC electronic load that represents Li-ion battery emulator. The designed system can supply the battery at the same time as PV energy production. The applied control strategy aims to extract maximum power from PV array and manages the energy flow through the battery with respect to its state of charge and taking into account the constraints of the public grid. The experimental results, obtained with a dSPACE 1103 controller board, show that the system responds within certain limits and confirm the relevance of such system for electric vehicle charging.

 KEYWORDS:

1.      Renewable energy integration

2.      Photovoltaic

3.      Battery electric vehicles

4.      Public grid

5.      Control charging system

 SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION:

 Smart grid with renewable electricity integrated concerns both the utility companies as well as the end-users. In the next ten years, the smart grid could concern the residential level with house power “routers”, whose goal is to intelligently manage and supply every home appliance by minimizing and redirecting the overall consumption. The prime goal of utility companies could be the real time demand management in order to adjust their electricity generation, for end user it could be the real time control of energy use, like EV charging system.

            An experimental EV charging with PV grid-connected system control strategy was presented. The system control strategy aims to extract maximum power from PV array and manages the energy flow through the BEV, with respect to its SOC. The experimental results are obtained with a numerical modelling implemented under MATLAB-Simulink and a dSPACE 1103 controller board. In this work, a simple and quick to implement control was done. This control was not necessarily developed to improve global energy efficiency or life cycle of the BEV system. For this first approach, the goal was to verify the feasibility of the proposed system control. The results show that the system can supply a BEV at the same time as PV energy production and responds within certain limits of the PV power and public grid availability. Obtained test results indicate that the proposed control can successfully be used for buildings and car parking equipped with PV power plant.

            The further work is the modelling of the behaviour of EV charging with PV grid-connected system as an operating subsystem under the supervision device as a control-command subsystem. The chosen approach will take into account the uncertainties on PV power production, public grid availability and BEV request, in order to achieve more efficient power transfer with a minimized public grid impact.

 REFERENCES:

 [1] S. D. Jenkins, J. R. Rossmaier, and M. Ferdowsi, "Utilization and effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the United States power grid", in: Proc. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2008.

[2] EPRI, “Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles; Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Final Report, July 2007.

[3] V. Marano and G. Rizzoni, “Energy and Economic Evaluation of PHEVs and their Interaction with Renewable Energy Sources and the Power Grid”, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety, 2008.

[4] Y. Gurkaynak and A. Khaligh, “Control and Power Management of a Grid Connected Residential Photovoltaic System with Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Load”, in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC 2009.

[5] X. Li, L. A. C. Lopes, and S. S. Williamson, “On the suitability of plugin hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging infrastructures based on wind and solar energy”, in: Proc. IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, PES 2009

Analysis and Design of a Standalone Electric Vehicle Charging Station Supplied by Photovoltaic Energy

ABSTRACT:

Nowadays, there is a great development in electric vehicle production and utilization. It has no pollution, high efficiency, low noise, and low maintenance. However, the charging stations, required to charge the electric vehicle batteries, impose high energy demand on the utility grid. One way to overcome the stress on the grid is the utilization of renewable energy sources such as

photovoltaic energy. The utilization of standalone charging stations represents good support to the utility grid. Nevertheless, the electrical design of these systems has different techniques and is sometimes complex. This paper introduces a new simple analysis and design of a standalone charging station powered by photovoltaic energy. Simple closed-form design equations are derived, for all the system components. Case-study design calculations are presented for the proposed charging station. Then, the system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink platform. Furthermore, an experimental setup is built to verify the system physically. The experimental and simulation results of the proposed system are matched with the design calculations. The results show that the charging process of the electric vehicle battery is precisely steady for all the PV insolation disturbances. In addition, the charging/discharging of the energy storage battery responds perfectly to store and compensate for PV energy variations.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Electric vehicle

2.      Charging station;

3.      Photovoltaic

4.      Maximum power point tracking

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION:

 An isolated EV charging station based on a PV energy source is proposed. The system consists of PV panel, boost converter, ESS batteries, two DC/DC charging converters, and an EV battery. The control system consists of three controllers named the MPPT, the EV charger, and the storage converter controller. PI voltage and current controllers are adapted to control charging/discharging of the ESS system and the EV charger as well. The system is simulated and implemented physically. A single-chip PIC18F4550 microcontroller is utilized to realize the system controllers. New simple energy and power analyses procedure has been introduced. Hence, closed-form equations have been derived to help in the design phase. Complete design of the system, including the ESS size, the PV rating, and the filter components, has been proposed. Simulation and experimental results are very close and verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. At different insolation levels, the results show that the charging process of the EV battery is steady without any disturbance. However, the charging/discharging of the ESS battery responds perfectly to store and compensate for PV energy variations. The current and voltage controllers of the converters give good responses and track their references well. In addition, the MPPT controller tracks the peak conditions of the PV precisely.

 REFERENCES:

1. Irle, R. Global EV Sales for the 1st Half of 2019. EV Volumes. 2019. Available online: http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/ total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/ (accessed on 20 November 2019).

2. Sun, X.; Li, Z.;Wang, X.; Li, C. Technology Development of Electric Vehicles: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 90. [CrossRef]

3. Luc, Vehicles & Charging Tips. Fastned. 2019. Available online: https://support.fastned.nl/hc/en-gb/sections/115000180588 -Cars-charging-tips- (accessed on 30 March 2019).

4. Richard, L.; Petit, M. Fast charging station with a battery storage system for EV: Optimal integration into the grid. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Portland, OR, USA, 5–10 August 2018; pp. 1–5.

5. Chakraborty, S.; Vu, H.-N.; Hasan, M.M.; Tran, D.-D.; Baghdadi, M.E.; Hegazy, O. DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging Stations: State of the Art and Future Trends. Energies 2019, 12, 1569. [CrossRef]

Generation of Higher Number of Voltage Levels by Stacking Inverters of Lower Multilevel Structures with Low Voltage Devices for Drives

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a new method of generating higher number of levels in the voltage waveform by stacking multilevel converters with lower voltage space vector structures. An important feature of this stacked structure is the use of low voltage devices while attaining higher number of levels. This will find extensive applications in electric vehicles since direct battery drive is possible. The voltages of all the capacitors in the structure can be controlled within a switching cycle using the switching state redundancies (pole voltage redundancies). This helps in reducing the capacitor size. Also, the capacitor voltages can be balanced irrespective of modulation index and load power factor. To verify the concept experimentally, a 9-level inverter is developed by stacking two 5-level inverters and an induction motor is run using V/f control scheme. Both steady state and transient results are presented.

KEYWORDS

1.      Induction motor drive

2.      PWM

3.      Multilevel inverter

4.      Topology

5.      CHB

6.      Flying capacitor

7.      Low voltage devices

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

 CONCLUSION

In this paper, a new method of generating higher number of voltage levels by stacking multilevel converters having lower space vector structures is presented. Here each of the stacked inverter is having only one DC supply. The proposed stacked multilevel inverter has a modular structure which is realized by stacking the FC and cascading it with series connected capacitor fed H-bridges. Since the voltage across the H-bridge switches are low, the switching loss can be further reduced. Also the H-bridges can be bypassed if it fails. Thus using this system has a improved reliable operation. Also when one of the FC fails, inverter can still be operated with reduced voltage and power levels. The concept of stacking can be generalized to obtain higher voltage levels. As the number of levels increases, blocking voltages of switches reduces and the proposed structure can be fed from low voltage battery cells. Also, higher number of voltage levels imply lower switching frequency and therefore higher efficiency, which makes it suitable for application in electric vehicles. Hysteresis based  capacitor voltage balancing algorithm is used to maintain the capacitor voltages irrespective of modulation index and load power factor. Detailed experimental results, using a stacked 9- level inverter, showing the steady state operation at different frequencies and the transient results, ensure that the proposed structure will be a viable scheme for high power applications with improved reliability.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Nabae, I. Takahashi, and H. Akagi, “A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-17, no. 5, pp. 518–523, Sept 1981.

[2] S. Kouro, M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou, L. Franquelo, B. Wu, J. Rodriguez, M. Perez, and J. Leon, “Recent advances and industrial applications of multilevel converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2553–2580, Aug 2010.

[3] J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, P. Steimer, and I. Lizama, “A survey on neutralpoint- clamped inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 2219–2230, July 2010.

[4] P. Barbosa, P. Steimer, J. Steinke, L. Meysenc, M. Winkelnkemper, and N. Celanovic, “Active neutral-point-clamped multilevel converters,” in Proc. 2005 IEEE Power Electron. Special. Conf., June 2005, pp. 2296– 2301.

[5] T. Bruckner, S. Bernet, and H. Guldner, “The active npc converter and its loss-balancing control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 855–868, June 2005.

A 15-Level Asymmetric Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Less Number of Switches For Photo Voltaic System

ABSTRACT

This Paper presents a 15 level Asymmetrical Cascaded H bridge multilevel inverter Topology for Photovoltaic system. In this system Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Multilevel inverter (MLI) is utilized. In Symmetrical MLI, the DC source magnitude are equal ie., 50Vdc, 50Vdc & 50Vdc., where as in Asymmetrical MLI the DC source Magnitude are unequal and it is designed with binary form of voltage such as 50Vdc, 100Vdc & 200Vdc.Comparing both the MLI , Asymmetrical MLI generates a number of output voltage level with same number of Power semiconductor switches. The phase Disposition Pulse Width Modulation (PD-PWM) technique is used for controlling the Power semiconductor switches in MLI. The results are verified in both MATLAB and PROTEUS.

 KEYWORDS

1.      Photo voltaic system(PV)

2.      Symmetrical MLI

3.      Asymmetrical MLI

4.       PD-PWM

5.      PIC16F877A

6.      IR112

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION

A symmetrical Cascaded H bridge Multil level inverter(SCHBMLI) and Asymmetrical Cascaded H bridge Multilevel Inverer(ASCHBMLI) has been analysed in this paper. Both the Inverter consist of the same power semiconductor switches but the output voltage levels are different. In SCHBMLI the ouput voltage is 9 level , while ASCHBMLI the ouput voltage levels are 15 level. The THD analysis for ACHBMLI using the switching technique of high switching frequency (2KHz) PD-PWM is 6.03% and the switching technique of low switching frequency(50Hz) is 10.26%. In this system the THD is very less by using PDPWM technique.This type of system is used for high power applications for photovoltaic system bec it reduce the overall cost and size of the system

REFERENCES

[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Javier pereda, and juan dixon, “cascaded multilevel converters: optimal asymmetries and floating capacitor control” ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 60, no. 11, november 2013.

[2] M. Mohamad fathi mohamad elias, nasrudin abd. Rahim, hew wooi ping, and mohammad nasir uddin, asymmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter based on transistor-clamped h-bridge power cell ieee transactions on industry applications, vol. 50, no. 6, november/december 2014.

[3] Eduardo e. Espinosa, jose r. Espinoza, pedro e. Melín, roberto o. Ramírez, felipe villarroel,javier a. Muñoz, member, and luis morán, fellow, ieeea new modulation method for a 13-level asymmetric inverter toward minimum thd ieee transactions on industry applications, vol. 50, no. 3, may/june 2014.

[4] Giampaolo buticchi, member, davide barater, emilio lorenzani, member, carlo concari and giovanni franceschini a nine-level grid-connected converter topology for single-phase transformerless pv systems ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 61, no. 8, august 2014.

[5] Javier pereda, student member, ieee, and juan dixon, senior member,high-frequency link: a solution for using only one dc source in asymmetric cascaded multilevel inverters ieee ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 58, no. 9, september 2011.

Overview and Comparison of Modulation and Control Strategies for Non-Resonant Single-Phase Dual-Active-Bridge dc-dc Converter

ABSTRACT:

 The non-resonant single-phase dual-active-bridge (NSDAB) dc-dc converter has been increasingly adopted for isolated dc-dc power conversion systems. Over the past few years, significant research has been carried out to address the technical challenges associated with modulations and controls of NSDAB dc-dc converter. The aim of this paper is to review and compare these recent state-of-the-art modulation and control strategies. Firstly, the modulation strategies for NSDAB dc-dc converter are analyzed. All possible phase-shift patterns are demonstrated, and the correlation analysis of the typical phases-shift modulation methods for NSDAB dc-dc converter is presented. Then, an overview of steady-state efficiency optimization strategies is discussed for NSDAB dc-dc converter. Moreover, a review of optimized techniques for dynamic responses is also provided. For both the efficiency and dynamic optimizations, thorough comparisons and recommendations are provided in this paper. Finally, to improve both steady state and transient performances, a combination approach to optimize both efficiency and dynamics for NSDAB dc-dc converter based on the reviewed methods is presented in this paper.

KEYWORDS:

1.      DAB converter

2.      Power Losses

3.      Current Stress

4.      Reactive Power

5.      Efficiency

6.      Power Control

7.      Current Feedback Control

8.      Observer-Based Control

9.      Dynamic Performances

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

NSDAB dc-dc converter has become one of the most attractive isolated dc-dc power conversion topologies for DC grid, solid-state transformer, automotive application, energy storage system and aerospace application. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of modulation methods, efficiency-optimization schemes and dynamic-optimization strategies of NSDAB dc-dc converter, and thorough comparisons of different optimization methods are conducted:

1). The typical modulation methods including the advanced phase-shift modulation and the variable frequency modulation methods are presented in this paper. Based on all possible eighteen phase-shift modulation patterns, the reason why SPS, DPS, EPS and TPS modulation schemes are selected for NSDAB dc-dc converter is analyzed. Moreover, the correlation analysis of typical phase-shift modulation methods including SPS, DSP, EPS and TPS modulation methods is illustrated, which can explain why the TPS modulation method can always provide the best efficiency for NSDAB dc-dc converter.

2). An overview of efficiency optimization schemes for NSDAB dc-dc converter including power-loss-model-based optimization methods, nonactive power optimization techniques, inductance current optimization strategies, ZVS range optimization schemes and burst mode are conducted. Under the consideration of both optimized performance and feasibility, the minimum-current-stress-optimized strategy with simple operation is recommended.

3). The paper also provides an overview of dynamic optimization strategies for NSDAB dc-dc converter including load-current feedforward schemes, direct-inductance-current control strategies and power-based control methods. When NSDAB dc-dc converter is connected to resistive load, the virtual-direct-power control scheme and the current sensorless control strategy are recommended because of excellent dynamic responses. When NSDAB dc-dc converter is connected to dc voltage bus, the asymmetric double-side modulation and the predictive current-mode control for fast transient response of required inductance current are recommended.

4). Finally, the paper presents an idea of hybrid efficiency-and dynamic-optimization concept to improve both steady state and transient performances of NSDAB dc-dc converter. A static and dynamic optimization strategy by combining minimum-current-stress strategy and power-control concept verifies the feasibility of the presented idea.

REFERENCES:

[1]R. W. De Doncker, D. M. Divan and M. H. Kheraluwala, "A three-phase soft-switched high power density DC/DC converter for high power applications,"Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1988, pp. 796-805 vol.1.

[2]R. W. A. A. De Doncker, D. M. Divan and M. H. Kheraluwala, "A three-phase soft-switched high-power-density DC/DC converter for high-power applications," inIEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 63-73, Jan.-Feb. 1991.

[3]H. Akagi, S. Kinouchi and Y. Miyazaki, "Bidirectional isolated dual-active-bridge (DAB) DC-DC converters using 1.2-kV 400-A SiC-MOSFET dual modules," inCPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 33-40, Dec. 2016.

[4]B. Zhao, Q. Song, W. Liu and Y. Xiao, "Next-Generation Multi-Functional Modular Intelligent UPS Systemfor Smart Grid," inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3602-3618, Sept. 2013.

[5]H. Wen, W. Xiao and B. Su, "Nonactive Power Loss Minimization in a Bidirectional Isolated DC-DC Converter for Distributed Power Systems," inIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 6822-6831, Dec. 2014. 

Novel Symmetric Modular Hybrid Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Number of Semiconductors and Low Voltage Stress across Switches

ABSTRACT:

In this paper, by using a modular hybrid structure, a new topology for symmetric multilevel inverters (MLI) with a small number of semiconductors and low voltage stress across switches is proposed. Despite many other topologies, this topology can inherently produce negative levels and zero levels without using the H-bridge. The voltage stress across a particular switch of the proposed MLI is inversely proportional to the number of the switching of that switch in a voltage period. The proposed structure is based on two types of module, that is, the f-module and the e-module. The e-module uses a capacitive voltage divider to double the number of non-zero levels. The voltages of the capacitors are approximately balanced without complex control methods. The basic structure of the proposed topology is formed by connecting the f-module and the e-module in series with each other, and the cascaded topology is developed by cascading multiple f-modules with an e-module. To investigate the proposed topology and proving its practicability, simulation results with MATLAB/Simulink, investigation of the capacitor voltages, loss calculations and experimental results are presented. A comparative study is also performed to show the merit of the new multilevel inverter over other topologies.

KEYWORDS:

1.      New modular hybrid multilevel inverter

2.      Low voltage stress

3.      Reduced number of semiconductor

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

In this paper, a new, modular, symmetric topology with a reduced number of semiconductors and low voltage stress across switches is proposed. Two modules which make the proposed topology, i.e. the f-module and the e-module, is described. Two novel topologies based on the mentioned modules are proposed and the output voltages, as well as the voltages of the capacitors, are investigated via simulation. The simulation results show that the average values of the capacitor voltages are close together and their ripple factors are acceptable. Besides, the sensitivity of the average value of the capacitor voltages to load change is low and the proposed topology can balance the capacitor voltages after faults. The comparison results of the proposed topologies with other topologies in different fields shows that the proposed topologies considerably reduced the number of semiconductors and voltage stress of the switches. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed model is proved by experimental results and the experimental results are in good agreement with simulation results.

REFERENCES:

[1] N. A. Rahim, K. Chaniago, and J. Selvaraj, “Single-phase seven-level grid-connected inverter for photovoltaic system”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2435–2443, Jun. 2011.

[2] K. Bandara, T. Sweet, and J. Ekanayake, “Photovoltaic applications for off-grid electrification using novel multi-level inverter technology with energy storage”, Renew. Energy, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 82–88, Jan. 2012.

[3] J. Chavarria, D. Biel, F. Guinjoan, C. Meza, and J. J. Negroni, “Energy balance control of PV cascaded multilevel grid-connected inverters under level-shifted and phase-shifted PWMs”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 98–111, Jan. 2013.

[4] Muhammad H. Rashid ,” Multilevel Power Converters”, in Power electronics handbook : devices, circuits, and applications handbook 3rd ed., Elsevier, 2011, pp. 455-456

[5] J. Rodriguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, “Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug. 2002. 

Design and Implementation of Seventeen Level Inverter With Reduced Components

ABSTRACT:

The multilevel inverters (MLI) are resourceful in producing a voltage waveform with superior-quality staircase counterfeit sinusoidal and depressed harmonic distortion (THD). Several conventional topologies are proposed to realize the MLI however, the limitations of these topologies may involve more DC sources and power-switching devices, and less THD, which in turn, increases the cost and size of the inverter. These drawbacks can be eliminated with the proposed hybrid Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with reduced components topology. As compared with the established MLI topologies the recommended topology having a reduced number of DC sources, power-switching devices, component count level factor, lesser TSV, more efficient, lesser THD, and cost-effective. The proposed MLI is a blend of a single-phase T-Type inverter and an H-Bridge module made of sub switches. This article incorporates the design and simulation of the multilevel inverter with staircase PWM technique. Further, the 9-level and 17-level MLI is examined with different combinational loads. The proposed inverter is stable during nonlinear loads, and it is well suited for FACTS and renewable energy grid-connected applications. An operational guideline has been explained with correct Figures and tables. The Output voltage wave is realized in numerical simulation. Finally, the experimental demonstrations were performed by implementing a hardware prototype setup for both linear and nonlinear loads using the dSPACE controller laboratory.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Hybrid cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with reduced components

2.       Pulse width modulation (PWM)

3.      Total harmonics distortion (THD)

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

In this article, a hybrid Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with reduced components topology was presented. The proposed basic MLI builds a voltage with nine levels and extended to seventeen levels by cascading. This topology uses lesser power switches that reduce the price and volume of the inverter and improves efficiency. The proposed inverter requires relatively less power electronic components to generate the desired output than other similar topologies. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed topology has a superior cost factor per level. In the output, the proposed inverter's harmonic content is comparatively less than similar Cascaded H-Bridge MLI for both linear and nonlinear loads with nearly more efficiency _. The proposed inverter is stable during nonlinear loads, and it is well suited for FACTS and renewable energy grid-connected applications. To authenticate the proposed inverter satisfactory simulation is done in MATLAB/Simulink. The experimental setup is assembled in the laboratory confirmations unique with more significant output voltage levels, having lower harmonic content and reduced power switches, and greater efficiency. Subsequently proposed inverter appears some encouraging properties when compared with various similar topologies.

REFERENCES:

[1] P. Omer, J. Kumar, and B. S. Surjan, ``A review on reduced switch count multilevel inverter topologies,'' IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 22281_22302, 2020.

[2] C. Dhanamjayulu, S. R. Khasim, S. Padmanaban, G. Arunkumar, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, and F. Blaabjerg, ``Design and implementation of multilevel inverters for fuel cell energy conversion system,'' IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 183690_183707, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029153.

[3] C. Dhanamjayulu and S. Meikandasivam, ``Implementation and comparison of symmetric and asymmetric multilevel inverters for dynamic loads,'' IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 738_746, 2018.

[4] C. Dhanamjayulu and S. Meikandasivam, ``Performance veri_cation of symmetric hybridized cascaded multilevel inverter with reduced number of switches,'' in Proc. Innov. Power Adv. Comput. Technol. (i-PACT), Vellore, India, Apr. 2017, pp. 1_5.

[5] M. D. Siddique, S. Mekhilef, N. M. Shah, A. Sarwar, A. Iqbal, and M. A. Memon, ``A new multilevel inverter topology with reduce switch count,'' IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 58584_58594, 2019.