ABSTRACT:
With the development of electric drive vehicles (EDVs),
the state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries has
become increasingly more important. Based on the analysis of some of the most
popular model-based SOC estimation methods, the proportional-integral (PI)
observer is proposed to estimate the SOC of lithium-ion batteries in EDVs. The
structure of the proposed PI observer is analyzed, and the convergence of the
estimation method with model errors is verified. To demonstrate the superiority
and compensation properties of the proposed PI observer, the simple-structure
RC battery model is utilized to model the Li-ion battery. To validate the
results of the proposed PI-based SOC estimation method, the experimental battery
test bench is established. In the validation, the urban dynamometer driving
schedule (UDDS) drive cycle is utilized, and the PI-based SOC estimation
results are found to agree with the reference SOC, generally within the 2%
error band for both the known and unknown initial SOC cases.
KEYWORDS:
1.
Battery
2.
Electric
vehicle
3.
Lithium-ion
(Li-ion) battery
4.
Proportional-integral
(PI) observer
5.
Sliding-mode
observer
6.
State of
charge (SOC)
SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.
1. Block diagram of different observer-based SOC estimation methods for Li-ion
batteries. (a) Block diagram of the common structure. (b) Block diagram of a PI
observer.
EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:
Fig.
2. Identification results.
Fig.
3. UDDS current profile.
Fig.
4. SOC estimation results when the initial SOC is given.
Fig.
5. SOC estimation results when the initial SOC is unknown.
CONCLUSION:
A battery SOC estimation algorithm based on a PI
observer has been proposed for Li-ion batteries. Acceptable accuracy has been
verified by experiments on battery bench testing for both known and unknown initial
SOC. The PI-based SOC estimation has a simple structure and is easy to
implement. The compensation properties of the PI observer demonstrate that a
simple RC model can be utilized to model the Li-ion battery. The estimated SOC
with the PI observer converges to the reference SOC quickly, and the SOC
estimation errors are maintained in a small band. Most of the errors of the
PI-based SOC estimation method are confined to 
2% when compared with
the reference SOC that is based on Coulomb counting with known initial SOC.
2% when compared with
the reference SOC that is based on Coulomb counting with known initial SOC.
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