Power Quality Assessment of Voltage PositiveFeedback Based Islanding Detection Algorithm

ABSTRACT

Islanding refers to a condition where distributed generators (DGs) inject power solely to the local load after electrical separation from power grid. Several islanding detection methods (IDMs) categorized into remote, active, and passive groups have been reported to detect this undesirable state. In active techniques, a disturbance is injected into the DG’s controller to drift a local yardstick out of the permissible range. Although this disturbance leads to more effective detections even in well-balanced island, it raises the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output current under the normal operation conditions. This paper analyzes the power quality aspect of the modified sliding mode controller as a new active IDM for grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS) with a string inverter. Its performance is compared with the voltage positive feedback (VPF) method, a well-known active IDM. This evaluation is carried out for a 1 kWp GCPVS in MATLAB/Simulink platform by measuring the output current harmonics and THD as well as the efficiency under various penetration and disturbance levels. The output results demonstrate that since the proposed disturbance changes the amplitude of the output current, it does not generate harmonics/subharmonics. Thereby, it has a negligible adverse effect on power quality. It is finally concluded that the performance of the sliding mode-based IDM is reliable from the standpoints of islanding detection and power quality.

KEYWORDS

1.      Islanding detection method (IDM)

2.      Power quality

3.      Sliding mode controller

4.      Total harmonic distortion (THD)

5.      Voltage positive feedback (VPF)

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION

In this paper, the influence of the classic VPF and modified sliding-mode IDM on the GCPVS’s power quality and efficiency has been evaluated. The study has been done for a 1 kWp PV system with string inverter. The simulation results show that, while the THD of output current in the proposed IDM is smaller than the simple VPF, both methods render acceptable power quality in a wide range of system operation. This proper performance has been achieved due to the variation of the current magnitude rather than the angle or frequency. This magnitude variation is realized in VPF and the proposed method in the current and voltage control loops (MPPT), respectively. The simulations also confirm that the acceptable THDI and harmonics are guaranteed in multi-GCPVSs connection situation even at low power generation levels as the worst scenario. Since the new technique tries to deviate the system from its MPP condition, the effect of embedded disturbance on the efficiency is also performed. In this regard, the simulations are carried out and a negligible reduction in MPPT and inverter efficiencies (less than 0.04%) has been demonstrated in the proposed method. This occurs since MPP can be gained at a small bound around ref. It has been finally concluded that the modified sliding mode controller has the advantages of the conventional VPF scheme in islanding detection as well as a higher power quality in the production of energy.

REFERENCES

[1] H. Laabidi and A. Mami, "Grid connected Wind-Photovoltaic hybrid system," in 2015 5th International Youth Conference on Energy (IYCE), pp. 1-8,2015.

[2] A. B. Oskouei, M. R. Banaei, and M. Sabahi, "Hybrid PV/wind system with quinary asymmetric inverter without increasing DC-link number," Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 7, pp. 579-592, 2016.

[3] R. Benadli and A. Sellami, "Sliding mode control of a photovoltaic-wind hybrid system," in 2014 International Conference on Electrical Sciences and Technologies in Maghreb (CISTEM), pp. 1-8, 2014.

[4] A. Parida and D. Chatterjee, "Cogeneration topology for wind energy conversion system using doubly-fed induction generator," IET Power Electronics, vol. 9, pp. 1406-1415, 2016.

[5] B. Singh, S. K. Aggarwal, and T. C. Kandpal, "Performance of wind energy conversion system using a doubly fed induction generator for maximum power point tracking," in Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), 2010 IEEE, 2010, pp. 1-7.

Five-Level Reduced-Switch-Count Boost PFC Rectifier with Multicarrier PWM

 ABSTRACT

A multilevel boost PFC (Power Factor Correction) rectifier is presented in this paper controlled by cascaded controller and multicarrier pulse width modulation technique. The presented topology has less active semiconductor switches compared to similar ones reducing switching losses as well as the number of required gate drives that would shrink manufactured box significantly. A simple controller has been implemented on the studied converter to generate a constant voltage at the output while generating a five-level voltage waveform at the input without connecting the load to the neutral point of the DC bus capacitors. Multicarrier PWM technique has been used to produce switching pulses from control signal. Multi-level voltage waveform harmonics has been analyzed comprehensively which affects the size of input current and required filters directly. Full simulation and experimental results confirm the good dynamic performance of the proposed five-level PFC boost rectifier in delivering power from AC grid to the DC loads while correcting the power factor at the AC side as well as reducing the current harmonics remarkably.

KEYWORDS

1.      Multilevel Converter

2.      Active Rectifier

3.      Multicarrier PWM

4.       Cascaded Control

5.      Power Quality

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION

In this paper a reduced switch count 5-level boost PFC rectifier has been presented. A cascaded PI controller has been designed to regulate the output DC voltage and to ensure the unity power factor mode of the input AC voltage and current. Moreover, low harmonic AC current waveform has been achieved by the implemented controller and employing a small inductive filter at the input line. One of the main issues of switching rectifiers is the high switching frequency that has been reduced in this work using PWM technique through adopting multicarrier modulation scheme. Moreover, DC capacitors middle point has not been connected to the load that had required splitting the load to provide a neutral point. Using a single load with no neutral point makes this topology practical in realistic applications. Comprehensive simulations cases including change in the load, AC voltage fluctuation and generating different DC voltage values have been analysed and performed to ensure the good dynamic performance of the rectifier, adopted controller and switching technique.

REFERENCES

[1] B. Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey, and D. P. Kothari, "A review of single-phase improved power quality ACDC converters," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 50, pp. 962-981, 2003.

[2] B. Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey, and D. P. Kothari, "A review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 51, pp. 641-660, 2004.

[3] H. Abu-Rub, J. Holtz, J. Rodriguez, and G. Baoming, "Mediumvoltage multilevel converters—State of the art, challenges, and requirements in industrial applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, pp. 2581-2596, 2010.

[4] H. Abu-Rub, M. Malinowski, and K. Al-Haddad, Power electronics for renewable energy systems, transportation and industrial applications: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

[5] L. Yacoubi, K. Al-Haddad, L.-A. Dessaint, and F. Fnaiech, "A DSPbased implementation of a nonlinear model reference adaptive control for a three-phase three-level NPC boost rectifier prototype," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 20, pp. 1084-1092,

2005.

Modeling and Simulation of a Distribution STATCOM using Sirnulink’s Power System Blockset

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a study on the modeling of a STAT-COM (Static Synchronous Compensator) used for reactive power compensation on a distribution network. The power circuits of the D-STATCOM and the distribution network are modeled by specific blocks from the Power System Blockset while the control system is modeled by Simulink blocks. Static and dynamic performance of a E3 Mvar D-STATCOM on a 25-kV network is evaluated. An “average modeling” approach is proposed to simplify the PWM inverter operation and to accelerate the simulation for control parameters adjusting purpose. Simulation performance obtained with both modeling approaches are presented and compared.

 SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION

A detailed model of a D-STATCOM has been developed foruse in Simulink environment with the Power System Blockset.Models of both power circuit and control system have beenimplemented in the same Simulink diagram allowing smooth simulation. Two modeling approaches (device and average modeling) have been presented and applied to the case of a +3Mvar D-STATCOM connected to a 25-kV distribution network. The obtained simulation results have demonstrated the validity of the developed models. Average modeling allows a faster simulation which is well suited to controller tuning purposes.

REFERENCES

[1] K.K. Sen, “STATCOM: Theory, Modeling, Applications,”in IEEE PES 1999 Winter Meeting Proceedings, pp. 11 77- 1183.

[2] Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), edited by Y.H. Song and A.T. Johns, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1999.

[3] K.V. Patil, et al., “Application of STATCOM for Damping Torsional Oscillations in Series Compensated AC Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 13, No. 3,Sept. 1998, pp.237-243.

[4] C.D. Schauder, H. Mehta, “Vector Analysis and Control of Advanced Static VAR Compensators,” IEE Proceedings-[SI Power System BlocksetFor Use with Sirnulink, User’s Guide, The MathWorks Inc., 2000. C, Vol. 140, NO. 4, July 1993, pp. 299-306.

Design and Performance Analysis of Three-Phase Solar PV Integrated UPQC

 ABSTRACT:

 

This paper deals with the design and performance analysis of a three-phase single stage solar photovoltaic integrated unified power quality conditioner (PV-UPQC). The PV-UPQC consists of a shunt and series connected voltage compensators connected back to back with common DC-link.The shunt compensator performs the dual function of extracting power from PV array apart from compensating for load current harmonics. An improved synchronous reference frame control based on moving average filter is used for extraction of load active current component for improved performance of the PVUPQC. The series compensator compensates for the grid side power quality problems such as grid voltage sags/swells. The compensator injects voltage in-phase/out of phase with point of common coupling (PCC) voltage during sag and swell conditions respectively. The proposed system combines both the benefits of clean energy generation along with improving power quality. The steady state and dynamic performance of the system are evaluated by simulating in Matlab-Simulink under a nonlinear load. The system performance is then verified using a scaled down laboratory prototype under a number of disturbances such as load unbalancing, PCC voltage sags/swells and irradiation variation.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Power Quality

2.      Shunt compensator

3.       Series compensator

4.      UPQC

5.      Solar PV

6.      MPPT

 

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

The design and dynamic performance of three-phase PVUPQC have been analyzed under conditions of variable irradiation and grid voltage sags/swells. The performance of the system has been validated through experimentation on scaled down laboratory prototype. It is observed that PVUPQC mitigates the harmonics caused by nonlinear load and maintains the THD of grid current under limits of IEEE-519 standard. The system is found to be stable under variation of irradiation, voltage sags/swell and load unbalance. The performance of d-q control particularly in load unbalanced condition has been improved through the use of moving average filter. It can be seen that PV-UPQC is a good solution for modern distribution system by integrating distributed generation with power quality improvement.

REFERENCES:

[1] B. Mountain and P. Szuster, “Solar, solar everywhere: Opportunities and challenges for australia’s rooftop pv systems,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 53–60, July 2015.

[2] A. R. Malekpour, A. Pahwa, A. Malekpour, and B. Natarajan, “Hierarchical architecture for integration of rooftop pv in smart distribution systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2017.

[3] Y. Yang, P. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, and H. Wang, “Wide-scale adoption of photovoltaic energy: Grid code modifications are explored in the distribution grid,” IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 21–31, Sept 2015.

[4] M. J. E. Alam, K. M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto, “An approach for online assessment of rooftop solar pv impacts on low-voltage distribution networks,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.663–672, April 2014.

[5] J. Jayachandran and R. M. Sachithanandam, “Neural network-based control algorithm for DSTATCOM under nonideal source voltage and varying load conditions,” Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 307–317, Fall 2015.

A Switched-Capacitor Inverter Using Series/Parallel Conversion with Inductive Load

 ABSTRACT

A novel switched-capacitor inverter is proposed. The proposed inverter outputs larger voltage than the input voltage by switching the capacitors in series and in parallel. The maximum output voltage is determined by the number of the capacitors. The proposed inverter, which does not need any inductors, can be smaller than a conventional two-stage unit which consists of a boost converter and an inverter bridge. Its output harmonics are reduced compared to a conventional voltage source single phase full bridge inverter. In this paper, the circuit configuration, the theoretical operation, the simulation results with MATLAB/ SIMULINK, and the experimental results are shown. The experimental results accorded with the theoretical calculation and the simulation results.

 

KEYWORDS

1.      Charge pump

2.       Multicarrier PWM

3.       Multilevel Inverter

4.       Switched capacitor (SC)

 

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION

 In this paper, a novel boost switched-capacitor inverter was proposed. The circuit topology was introduced. The modulation method, the determination method of the capacitance, and the loss calculation of the proposed inverter were shown. The circuit operation of the proposed inverter was confirmed by the simulation results and the experimental results with a resistive load and an inductive load. The proposed inverter outputs a larger voltage than the input voltage by switching the capacitors in series and in parallel. The inverter can operate with an inductive load. The structure of the inverter is simpler than the conventional switched-capacitor inverters. THD of the output waveform of the inverter is reduced compared to the conventional single phase full bridge inverter as the conventional multilevel inverter.

 REFERENCES

 [1] H. Liu, L. M. Tolbert, S. Khomfoi, B. Ozpineci, and Z. Du, “Hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter with PWM control method,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 2008, pp. 162–166.

[2] A. Emadi, S. S. Williamson, and A. Khaligh, “Power electronics intensive solutions for advanced electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicular power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 567–577, May 2006.

[3] L. G. Franquelo, J. Rodriguez, J. I. Leon, S. Kouro, R. Portillo, and M. A. M. Prats, “The age of multilevel converters arrives,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 28–39, Jun. 2008.

[4] Y. Hinago and H. Koizumi, “A single phase multilevel inverter using switched series/parallel DC voltage sources,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2643–2650, Aug. 2010.

[5] S. Chandrasekaran and L. U. Gokdere, “Integrated magnetics for interleaved DC–DC boost converter for fuel cell powered vehicles,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Jun. 2004, pp. 356–361.

[6] Y. Hinago and H. Koizumi, “A switched-capacitor inverter using series/ parallel conversion,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., May/Jun. 2010, pp. 3188–3191.

[7] J. A. Starzyk, Y. Jan, and F. Qiu, “A dc–dc charge pump design based on voltage doublers,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 350–359, Mar. 2001.

[8] M. R. Hoque, T. Ahmad, T. R. McNutt, H. A. Mantooth, and M. M. Mojarradi, “A technique to increase the efficiency of high-voltage charge pumps,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 364–368, May 2006.

[9] O. C.Mak and A. Ioinovici, “Switched-capacitor inverter with high power density and enhanced regulation capability,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 336–347, Apr. 1998.

[10] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “A cascade boost-switchedcapacitor- converter-two level inverter with an optimized multilevel output waveform,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2763–2770, Dec. 2005.

[11] J. I. Rodriguez and S. B. Leeb, “A multilevel inverter topology for inductively coupled power transfer,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1607–1617, Nov. 2006.

[12] X. Kou, K. A. Corzine, and Y. L. Familiant, “A unique fault-tolerant design for flying capacitor multilevel inverter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 979–987, Jul. 2004.

[13] S. Lu, K. A. Corzine, andM. Ferdowsi, “A unique ultracapacitor direct integration scheme in multilevel motor drives for large vehicle propulsion,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1506–1515, Jul. 2007.

[14] J. I. Leon, S. Vazquez, A. J. Watson, L. G. Franquelo, P. W. Wheeler, and J. M. Carrasco, “Feed-forward space vector modulation for single-phase multilevel cascaded converters with any dc voltage ratio,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 315–325, Feb. 2009.

[15] B. P. McGrath and D. G. Holmes, “Multicarrier PWM strategies for multilevel inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 858–867, Aug. 2002.

[16] R. Gupta, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, “Switching characterization of cascaded multilevel-inverter-controlled systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1047–1058, Mar. 2008.

[17] J. Zhang, Y. Zou, X. Zhang, and K. Ding, “Study on a modified multilevel cascade inverter with hybrid modulation,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Drive Syst., Oct. 2001, pp. 379–383.

[18] V. G. Agelidis, A. I. Balouktsis, and C. Cossar, “On attaining the multiple solutions of selective harmonic elimination PWM three-level waveforms through function minimization,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 996–1004, Mar. 2008.

[19] J. A. Pontt, J. R. Rodriguez, A. Liendo, P. Newman, J. Holtz, and J. M. San Martin, “Network-friendly low-switching-frequency multipulse high-power three-level PWM rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1254–1262, Apr. 2009.

[20] M. K. Kazimierczuk, “Switching losses with linear MOSFET output capacitance,” in Pulse-Width Modulated DC–DC Power Converters, 1st ed. West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley, 2008, ch. 2, pp. 37–38, sec. 2.

Fixed Switching Frequency Sliding Mode Control for Single-Phase Unipolar Inverters

ABSTRACT:

Sliding mode control (SMC) is recognized as robust controller with a high stability in a wide range of operating conditions, although it suffers from chattering problem. In addition, it cannot be directly applied to multi switches power converters. In this paper, a high performance and fixed switching frequency sliding mode controller is proposed for a single-phase unipolar inverter. The chattering problem of SMC is eliminated by smoothing the control law in a narrow boundary layer, and a pulse width modulator produces the fixed frequency switching law for the inverter. The smoothing procedure is based on limitation of pulse width modulator. Although the smoothed control law limits the performance of SMC, regulation and dynamic response of the inverter output voltage are in an acceptable superior range. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by both simulation and experiments on a prototype 6-kVA inverter. The experimental results show that the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage is less than 1.1% and 1.7% at maximum linear and nonlinear load, respectively. Furthermore, the output dynamic performance of the inverter strictly conforms the standard IEC62040-3. Moreover, the measured efficiency of the inverter in the worst condition is better than 95.5%.

KEYWORDS:

1.        Pulse widthmodulator

2.          Sliding modecontrol

3.        Unipolar single phaseinverter

 SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

 

In this paper, a fixed frequency SMC was presented for a single-phase inverter. The performance of the proposed controller has been demonstrated by a 6-kVA prototype. Experimental results show that the inverter is categorized in class1 of the IEC64020-3 standard for output dynamic performance. The inverter efficiency was measured up to 95.5% in the worst case.

Since the direct SMC cannot be applied to four switches unipolar inverter and it also suffers from the chattering problem, a PWM is employed to generate a fixed frequency switching law. The PWM modulates the smoothed discontinuous control law which is produced by SMC. To smooth the control law, the limitation of the PWM was considered.

The simulation and experimental results show that the load regulation is about 1% at the steady state as well. But, to obtain better regulation, a resonance compensator was added in the voltage loop. With this compensator, the load regulation was measured which has been below 0.2%.

REFERENCES:

[1] G. Venkataramanan and D.M. Divan, “Discrete time integral sliding mode control for discrete pulse modulated converters,” in Proc. 21st Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf.,  San Antonio, TX, 1990, pp.67–73.

[2] J.Y.Hung,W. Gao, and J. C.Hung, “Variable structure control:Asurvey,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 2–22, Feb. 1993.

[3] E. Fossas and A. Ras, “Second order sliding mode control of a buck converter,” in Proc. 41st IEEE Conf. Decision Control, 2002, pp. 346– 347.

[4] C. Rech, H. Pinheiro, H. A. Gr¨undling, H. L. Hey, and J. R. Pinheiro, “A modified discrete control law for UPS applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1138–1145, Sep. 2003.

[5] K. S. Low, K. L. Zhou, and D.W.Wang, “Digital odd harmonic repetitive control of a single- phase PWM inverter,” in Proc. 30th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., Busan, Korea, Nov. 2–6, 2004, pp. 6–11.

ABSTRACT:

 

The scarcity of fossil fuel and the increased pollution leads the use of Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) instead of conventional Internal Combustion (IC) engine vehicles. An Electric Vehicle requires an on-board charger (OBC) to charge the propulsion battery. The objective of the project work is to design a multifunctional on-board charger that can charge the propulsion battery when the Electric Vehicle (EV) connected to the grid. In this case, the OBC plays an AC-DC converter. The surplus energy of the propulsion battery can be supplied to the grid, in this case, the OBC plays as an inverter. The auxiliary battery can be charged via the propulsion battery when PEV is in driving stage. In this case, the OBC plays like a low voltage DC-DC converter (LDC). An OBC is designed with Boost PFC converter at the first stage to obtain unity power factor with low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and a Bi-directional DC-DC converter to regulate the charging voltage and current of the propulsion battery. The battery is a Li-Ion battery with a nominal voltage of 360 V and can be charged from depleted voltage of 320 V to a fully charged condition of 420 V. The function of the second stage DC-DC converter is to charge the battery in a Constant Current and Constant Voltage manner. While in driving condition of the battery the OBC operates as an LDC to charge the Auxiliary battery of the vehicle whose voltage is around 12 V. In LDC operation the Bi-Directional DC-DC converter works in Vehicle to Grid (V2G) mode. A 1KW prototype of multifunctional OBC is designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The power factor obtained at full load is 0.999 with a THD of 3.65 %. The Battery is charged in A CC mode from 320 V to 420 V with a constant battery current of 2.38 A and the charging is switched into CV mode until the battery current falls below 0.24 A. An LDC is designed to charge a 12 V auxiliary battery with CV mode from the high voltage propulsion battery.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Bi-directional DC-DC converter

2.      Boost PFC converter

3.      Electric vehicle

4.      Low voltage DC-DC converter

5.      Vehicle-to-grid.

 

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

An On-Board Electric Vehicle charger is designed for level 1 charging with a 230 V input supply. Different stages of an OBC is stated and the challenges are listed. The developments have been implemented to overcome key issues. A two stage charger topology with active PFC converter at the front end followed by a Bi-directional DC-DC converter is designed. The active PFC which is a Boost converter type produces less than 5 % THD at full load. Moreover, the PFC converter is applicable to wide variation in loads. The detailed design of the power stage, as well as the controller, is discussed with the simulated results.

A second stage DC-DC converter is designed and simulated for the charging current and voltage regulation. The converter performs very precisely by charging the propulsion battery in CC/CV mode over a wide range of voltage. A V2G controller has been developed for the DC-DC converter in order to supply power to the grid from the propulsion battery. A new Low-Voltage DC-DC converter is proposed to charge the Auxiliary battery via the propulsion battery utilizing the same OBC. The battery voltage and current waveforms are presented and the performance of the designed converter is verified.

REFERENCES:

[1] “No Title,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle. .

[2] S. S. Williamson, Energy management strategies for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Springer, 2013.

[3] a. Emadi and K. Rajashekara, “Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2237–2245, 2008.

[4] M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, “Review of charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles,” 2012 IEEE Int. Electr. Veh. Conf. IEVC 2012, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2151–2169, 2012.

[5] H. Wang, S. Dusmez, and A. Khaligh, “Design and analysis of a full-bridge LLC-based PEV charger optimized for wide battery voltage range,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1603–1613, 2014.