ABSTRACT:

 

The scarcity of fossil fuel and the increased pollution leads the use of Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) instead of conventional Internal Combustion (IC) engine vehicles. An Electric Vehicle requires an on-board charger (OBC) to charge the propulsion battery. The objective of the project work is to design a multifunctional on-board charger that can charge the propulsion battery when the Electric Vehicle (EV) connected to the grid. In this case, the OBC plays an AC-DC converter. The surplus energy of the propulsion battery can be supplied to the grid, in this case, the OBC plays as an inverter. The auxiliary battery can be charged via the propulsion battery when PEV is in driving stage. In this case, the OBC plays like a low voltage DC-DC converter (LDC). An OBC is designed with Boost PFC converter at the first stage to obtain unity power factor with low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and a Bi-directional DC-DC converter to regulate the charging voltage and current of the propulsion battery. The battery is a Li-Ion battery with a nominal voltage of 360 V and can be charged from depleted voltage of 320 V to a fully charged condition of 420 V. The function of the second stage DC-DC converter is to charge the battery in a Constant Current and Constant Voltage manner. While in driving condition of the battery the OBC operates as an LDC to charge the Auxiliary battery of the vehicle whose voltage is around 12 V. In LDC operation the Bi-Directional DC-DC converter works in Vehicle to Grid (V2G) mode. A 1KW prototype of multifunctional OBC is designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The power factor obtained at full load is 0.999 with a THD of 3.65 %. The Battery is charged in A CC mode from 320 V to 420 V with a constant battery current of 2.38 A and the charging is switched into CV mode until the battery current falls below 0.24 A. An LDC is designed to charge a 12 V auxiliary battery with CV mode from the high voltage propulsion battery.

KEYWORDS:

1.      Bi-directional DC-DC converter

2.      Boost PFC converter

3.      Electric vehicle

4.      Low voltage DC-DC converter

5.      Vehicle-to-grid.

 

SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK

CONCLUSION:

An On-Board Electric Vehicle charger is designed for level 1 charging with a 230 V input supply. Different stages of an OBC is stated and the challenges are listed. The developments have been implemented to overcome key issues. A two stage charger topology with active PFC converter at the front end followed by a Bi-directional DC-DC converter is designed. The active PFC which is a Boost converter type produces less than 5 % THD at full load. Moreover, the PFC converter is applicable to wide variation in loads. The detailed design of the power stage, as well as the controller, is discussed with the simulated results.

A second stage DC-DC converter is designed and simulated for the charging current and voltage regulation. The converter performs very precisely by charging the propulsion battery in CC/CV mode over a wide range of voltage. A V2G controller has been developed for the DC-DC converter in order to supply power to the grid from the propulsion battery. A new Low-Voltage DC-DC converter is proposed to charge the Auxiliary battery via the propulsion battery utilizing the same OBC. The battery voltage and current waveforms are presented and the performance of the designed converter is verified.

REFERENCES:

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